Key promoters of tumor hallmarks

Evolution of tumor hallmarks is a result of accommodation of tumor cells with their nearby milieu called tumor microenvironment (TME). Accommodation or adaptive responses is highly important for a cell to survive, without which no cell is allowed to take any further steps in tumorigenesis. Metabolism of cancer cells is largely depended on stroma. Composition and plasticity of cells within the stroma is highly affected from inflammatory setting of TME. Hypoxia which is a common event in many solid cancers, is known as one of the key hallmarks of chronic inflammation and the master regulator of metastasis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is produced in the chronic inflammatory and chronic hypoxic settings, and it is considered as a cardinal factor for induction of all tumor hallmarks. Aging, obesity and smoking are the main predisposing factors of cancer, acting mainly through modulation of TME.

Automated summary

The evolution of tumor hallmarks is a result of tumor cells accommodating to their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), which is crucial for cell survival. Cancer cell metabolism depends significantly on the stroma, and hypoxia is a common event in solid cancers and a key hallmark of chronic inflammation. The production of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-beta in chronic inflammatory and hypoxic settings is considered a cardinal factor in inducing tumor hallmarks. Aging, obesity, and smoking are main predisposing factors for cancer, primarily acting through modulation of the TME.