A new potentially toxic dinoflagellate Fukuyoa koreansis sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Korean coastal waters: Morphology, phylogeny, and effects of temperature and salinity on growth

To clarify an unspecified toxic Gambierdiscus-like species isolated from seawaters off Jeju Island, Korea, its morphology and molecular phylogeny based on the small subunit (SSU) and partial large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene sequences were examined. Cells were narrow in ventral view and broad in lateral view with a smooth surface. The round thecal pores were evenly distributed, with an average diameter of 0.41 mu m. Cell depth, width and height were 51.7 +/- 4.5 mu m, 43.0 +/- 4.2 pm and 55.0 +/- 4.7 mu m, respectively, and depth-to-width (D/W) and height-to-width (H/W) ratios were 1.1 +/- 0.2 mu m and 1.3 +/- 0.02 tun, respectively. The nucleus was located in the hypotheca. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the cells displayed a plate formula of Po, 4 ', 6 '', 6c, 6s, 5 ''' and 2 ''', and transmission electron microscope observation demonstrated that the cells contained crystal-like particles. Morphological features indicated that the unspecified Korean isolate belonged to the genus Fukuyoa, and based on the H/W and D/W ratios, the apical pore H/W ratio and thecal pore size, it could be differentiated from other Fukuyoa species. The phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU and LSU rRNA sequences revealed that the Korean isolate was nested within the genus Fukuyoa with high support, and it grouped with F. cf. yasumotoi isolated from Japan. Based on the morpho-molecular data, a new species, Fukuyoa koreansis sp. nov. is proposed. The maximum growth rate (0.254 d-1) of F. koreansis was observed at 25 degrees C and a salinity of 25. The required levels of temperature and salinity for growth distinguished Fukuyoa koreansis from Gambierdiscus species.

Automated summary

The study examined the morphology and molecular phylogeny of an unspecified toxic Gambierdiscus-like species isolated from seawaters off Jeju Island, Korea, and proposed a new species, Fukuyoa koreansis based on morphological and molecular data. The newly identified species showed distinct characteristics compared to other Fukuyoa species and was nested within the Fukuyoa genus in the phylogenetic analyses. The growth characteristics of Fukuyoa koreansis were different from Gambierdiscus species, with specific temperature and salinity requirements for optimal growth.