Role of neurexin heparan sulfate in the molecular assembly of synapses - Expanding the neurexin code?

Synapses are the minimal information processing units of the brain and come in many flavors across distinct circuits. The shape and properties of a synapse depend on its molecular organisation, which is thought to largely depend on interactions between cell adhesion molecules across the synaptic cleft. An established example is that of presynaptic neurexins and their interactions with structurally diverse postsynaptic ligands: the diversity of neurexin isoforms that arise from alternative promoters and alternative splicing specify synaptic properties by dictating ligand preference. The recent finding that a majority of neurexin isoforms exist as proteoglycans with a single heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide adds to this complexity. Sequence motifs within the HS polysaccharide may differ between neuronal cell types to contribute specificity to its interactions, thereby expanding the coding capacity of neurexin diversity. However, an expanding number of HS-binding proteins have been found capable to recruit neurexins via the HS chain, challenging the concept of a code provided by neurexin splice isoforms. Here we discuss the possible roles of the neurexin HS in light of what is known from other HS-protein interactions, and propose a model for how the neurexin HS polysaccharide may contribute to synaptic assembly. We also discuss how the neurexin HS may be regulated by co-secreted carbonic anhydrase-related and FAM19A proteins, and highlight some key issues that should be resolved to advance the field.

Automated summary

Synapses, the minimal information processing units of the brain, are shaped and characterized by the interactions between cell adhesion molecules. The diversity of neurexin isoforms, arising from alternative promoters and splicing, determine synaptic properties by dictating ligand preference. Recent studies have found that most neurexin isoforms exist as proteoglycans with a single heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide, expanding the coding capacity of neurexin diversity. However, the concept of a neurexin splice isoform code is also challenged by the discovery of HS-binding proteins capable of recruiting neurexins. This article discusses the possible roles of neurexin HS, proposes a model for how it may contribute to synaptic assembly, and highlights key issues that need to be addressed for further advancements.