Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 55, Issue 20, Pages 14136-14145Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04323
Keywords
disinfection byproducts; extraction methods; XAD resin extraction; solid-phase extraction; liquid-liquid extraction
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation [CBET 1706154]
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This study compared the recovery rates of different DBP extraction methods at 1-L and 10-L scales, finding that XAD resin extraction resulted in lower recovery rates for (semi-)volatile DBPs, while TOX recovery rates were generally similar across the three extraction methods.
Over 700 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified, but they account for only similar to 30% of total organic halogen (TOX). Extracting disinfected water is necessary to assess the overall toxicity of both known and unknown DBPs. Commonly used DBP extraction methods include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE), which may use either XAD resins or other polymeric sorbents. With few exceptions, DBP recoveries have not been quantified. We compared recoveries by LLE, XAD resins, and a mixture of Phenomenex Sepra SPE sorbents (hereafter SPE) for (semi-)volatile DBPs and nonvolatile model compounds at the 1-L scale. We scaled up the three methods to extract DBPs in 10 L of chlorinated creek waters. For (semi)volatile DBPs, XAD resulted in lower recoveries than LLE and SPE at both 1- and 10-L scales. At the 10-L scale, recovery of certain trihalomethanes and trihalogenated haloacetic acids by XAD was negligible, while recovery of other (semi-)volatile DBPs extracted by XAD (<30%) was lower than by SPE or LLE (30-60%). TOX recovery at the 10-L scale was generally similar by the three extraction methods. The low TOX recovery (<30%) indicates that the toxicity assessed by bioassays predominantly reflects the contribution of the nonvolatile, hydrophobic fraction of DBPs.
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