Efficient removal of emerging contaminant sulfamethoxazole in water by ozone coupled with calcium peroxide: Mechanism and toxicity assessment

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a widely distributed emerging contaminant, which will bring serious harm to ecology and human health. Herein, evaluation of ozone (O-3) coupled with calcium peroxide (CaO2) for SMX elimination was carried out. The results showed that CaO2 could promote SMX elimination in O-3 system. The removal efficiency was improved from 65.6% to 73.9% when the CaO2 dosage was 0.06 g L-1. 03 dosage of 0.55 g h(-1) was beneficial to SMX degradation. With decrease of initial SMX concentration, the removal of SMX firstly enhanced and then declined. Compared with alkaline, acidic and neutral conditions were favorable for SMX degradation. ROS including center dot OH, center dot O-2(-) and O-1(2) play critical role for SMX degradation. Synergetic effect could be established between O-3 and CaO2, which encouraged formation of center dot OH and accelerated SXM decomposition. The total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were all declined after O-3/CaO2 treatment. According to results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and references, four major pathways were proposed. The O-3/CaO2 technology was also suitable for practical wastewater treatment. QSAR calculation and seed germination experiment showed that toxicity of the treatment solution was alleviated after O-3/CaO2 treatment.

Automated summary

The study demonstrated that calcium peroxide (CaO2) can enhance the elimination efficiency of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in ozone (O-3) system, with reactive oxygen species playing a critical role in SMX degradation. Additionally, alkaline conditions were found to be unfavorable for SMX degradation.