Biology and bioinspiration of soft robotics: Actuation, sensing, and system integration

Organisms in nature grow with senses, nervous, and actuation systems coordinated in ingenious ways to sustain metabolism and other essential life activities. The understanding of biological structures and functions guide the construction of soft robotics with unprecedented performances. However, despite the progress in soft robotics, there still remains a big gap between man-made soft robotics and natural lives in terms of autonomy, adaptability, self-repair, durability, energy efficiency, etc. Here, the actuation and sensing strategies in the natural biological world are summarized along with their man-made counterparts applied in soft robotics. The development trends of bioinspired soft robotics toward closed loop and embodiment are proposed. Challenges for obtaining autonomous soft robotics similar to natural organisms are outlined to provide a perspective in this field.

Automated summary

Organisms in nature grow with coordinated senses, nervous, and actuation systems to sustain metabolism, guiding the construction of soft robotics. Despite progress, there remains a big gap between man-made soft robotics and natural lives, with trends in bioinspired soft robotics moving towards closed loop and embodiment to bridge this divide.