Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688753
Keywords
SLE; lupus; biomarker; disease activity; interferon; chemokine; galectin; TNF
Categories
Funding
- Swedish Rheumatism association [R-844801]
- Region Ostergotland ALF Grants [LIO-791961]
- King Gustaf V's 80-year Anniversary Foundation [FAI-2018-0504]
- King Gustaf V, Queen Victoria's Foundation of Freemasons
- Alfred Osterlund's Foundation
- Anna-Greta Crafoord Foundation
- Greta and Johan Kock's Foundation
- Skane University Hospital
- Medical Faculty of Lund University
- Swedish Research Council for Medicine and Health [2018-02399, 2018-02516, 2017-01091]
- Vinnova [2018-02516] Funding Source: Vinnova
- Swedish Research Council [2018-02399, 2018-02516, 2017-01091] Funding Source: Swedish Research Council
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This study evaluated the potential of galectin-9 and a range of chemokines/cytokines as surrogate markers of type I IFN and/or SLE disease activity. The results demonstrated an association between galectin-9 and CXCL10 with type I IFN in SLE but a stronger correlation with TNF. Despite CXCL10 and CCL19 performing best in terms of disease activity association, none of the investigated biomarkers showed a convincing relationship with disease activity.
Objectives Type I interferons (IFNs) are central and reflective of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, IFN-alpha levels are notoriously difficult to measure and the type I IFN gene signature (IGS) is not yet available in clinical routine. This study evaluates galectin-9 and an array of chemokines/cytokines in their potential as surrogate markers of type I IFN and/or SLE disease activity. Methods Healthy controls and well-characterized Swedish SLE patients from two cross-sectional cohorts (n=181; n=59) were included, and a subgroup (n=21) was longitudinally followed. Chemokine/cytokine responses in immune complex triggered IFN-alpha activity was studied in healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Levels of chemokines/cytokines and galectin-9 were measured by immunoassays. Gene expression was quantified by qPCR. Results The IGS was significantly (p<0.01) correlated with galectin-9 (rho=0.54) and CXCL10 (rho=0.37) levels whereas serum IFN-alpha correlated with galectin-9 (rho=0.36), CXCL10 (rho=0.39), CCL19 (rho=0.26) and CCL2 (rho=0.19). The strongest correlation was observed between galectin-9 and TNF (rho=0.56). IFN-alpha and disease activity (SLEDAI-2K) were correlated (rho=0.20) at cross-sectional analysis, but no significant associations were found between SLEDAI-2K and galectin-9 or chemokines. Several inflammatory mediators increased at disease exacerbation although CCL19, CXCL11, CXCL10, IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist were most pronounced. Immune complex-stimulation of PBMC increased the production of CCL2, CXCL8 and TNF. Conclusion Galectin-9 and CXCL10 were associated with type I IFN in SLE but correlated stronger with TNF. None of the investigated biomarkers showed a convincing association with disease activity, although CXCL10 and CCL19 performed best in this regard.
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