A review of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) treating recalcitrant wastewater: Refractory organics removal mechanism, application and prospect
Published 2021 View Full Article
- Home
- Publications
- Publication Search
- Publication Details
Title
A review of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) treating recalcitrant wastewater: Refractory organics removal mechanism, application and prospect
Authors
Keywords
Aerobic granular sludge, Biodegradation mechanism, Combination, Industrial effluents, Refractory organics
Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 782, Issue -, Pages 146852
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Online
2021-04-01
DOI
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146852
References
Ask authors/readers for more resources
Related references
Note: Only part of the references are listed.- Trends in predictive biodegradation for sustainable mitigation of environmental pollutants: Recent progress and future outlook
- (2021) Anil Kumar Singh et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Challenges and opportunities for the biodegradation of chlorophenols: Aerobic, anaerobic and bioelectrochemical processes
- (2021) Kaichao Yang et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Increased extracellular polymeric substances production contributes for the robustness of aerobic granular sludge during long-term intermittent exposure to 2-fluorophenol in saline wastewater
- (2021) Ana S. Oliveira et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering
- Aerobic granular sludge systems for treating hypersaline pharmaceutical wastewater: Start-up, long-term performances and metabolic function
- (2021) Yu Jiang et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Biodegradation of endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A by Pseudomonas putida strain YC-AE1 isolated from polluted soil, Guangdong, China
- (2020) Adel Eltoukhy et al. BMC MICROBIOLOGY
- Emergence and spread patterns of antibiotic resistance genes during two different aerobic granular sludge cultivation processes
- (2020) Ding-Chang Li et al. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
- Behavior of nitrogen, phosphorus and antibiotic resistance genes under polyvinyl chloride microplastics pressures in an aerobic granular sludge system
- (2020) Hui-Hui Dai et al. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
- Reviewing bottlenecks in aerobic granular sludge technology: Slow granulation and low granular stability
- (2020) Huihua Lin et al. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
- Hybrid ozonation process for industrial wastewater treatment: Principles and applications: A review
- (2020) Sameena N. Malik et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering
- Intertidal wetland sediment as a novel inoculation source for developing aerobic granular sludge in membrane bioreactor treating high-salinity antibiotic manufacturing wastewater
- (2020) Weilong Song et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Long-term responses of antibiotic resistance genes under high concentration of enrofloxacin, sulfadiazine and triclosan in aerobic granular sludge system
- (2020) Dingchang Li et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Horizontal Gene Transfer in Eukaryotes: Not if, but How Much?
- (2020) Julia Van Etten et al. TRENDS IN GENETICS
- Aerobic biodegradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol in a nitrifying granular sludge reactor: System performance and microbial community evolution
- (2020) Dong Wei et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering
- Granulation enhancement and microbial community shift of tylosin-tolerant aerobic granular sludge on the treatment of tylosin wastewater
- (2020) Wei Xiong et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Effects of the antibiotics trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on granulation, microbiology, and performance of aerobic granular sludge systems
- (2020) Antônio Ricardo Mendes Barros et al. CHEMOSPHERE
- Decolourization of azo, anthraquinone and triphenylmethane dyes using aerobic granules: Acclimatization and long-term stability
- (2020) Yong-Qiang Liu et al. CHEMOSPHERE
- An over review on recently developed techniques, mechanisms and intermediate involved in the advanced azo dye degradation for industrial applications
- (2020) V. Selvaraj et al. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
- Effects of phenol on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities from aerobic granular sludge treating low strength and salinity wastewater
- (2020) Qiulai He et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Long-term stability of a non-adapted aerobic granular sludge process treating fish canning wastewater associated to EPS producers in the core microbiome
- (2020) Ana M.S. Paulo et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Rapid cultivation of the aerobic granules for simultaneous phenol degradation and ammonium oxidation in a sequencing batch reactor
- (2020) Zhaoming Zheng et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Behavior of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in aerobic granular reactors: Interrelation with biomass concentration
- (2019) Lin Liu et al. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
- Different bioreactors for treating secondary effluent from recycled paper mill
- (2019) Fangrui Cai et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Tetracycline exposure shifted microbial communities and enriched antibiotic resistance genes in the aerobic granular sludge
- (2019) Ming-Qi Zhang et al. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
- Performance and microbial community structure of an aerobic granular sludge system at different phenolic acid concentrations
- (2019) Barbara Muñoz-Palazon et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Impacts of long-term exposure to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole on the sludge granules in an anoxic-aerobic wastewater treatment system
- (2019) Bingbing Du et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Promoting the granulation process of aerobic granular sludge in an integrated moving bed biofilm-membrane bioreactor under a continuous-flowing mode
- (2019) Chencheng Dai et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Treatment of high strength industrial wastewater with membrane bioreactors for water reuse: Effect of pre-treatment with aerobic granular sludge on system performance and fouling tendency
- (2019) Daniele Di Trapani et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering
- Petrochemical slop wastewater treatment by means of aerobic granular sludge: effect of granulation process on bio-adsorption and hydrocarbons removal
- (2019) R. Campo et al. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Tolerance to short-term saline shocks by aerobic granular sludge
- (2019) Xiao Wu et al. CHEMOSPHERE
- Alternated biodegradation of naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthylene (ACY) and acenaphthene (ACE) in an aerobic granular sludge reactor (GSBR)
- (2019) Piotr Ofman et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Role of treatment configuration in simultaneous removal of priority phthalic acid esters and nitrogen in a post anoxic integrated biofilm activated sludge system
- (2019) Khalid Muzamil Gani et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- GO/PEDOT:NaPSS modified cathode as heterogeneous electro-Fenton pretreatment and subsequently aerobic granular sludge biological degradation for dye wastewater treatment
- (2019) Yingrui Liu et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Biodegradation of BTEX compounds from petrochemical wastewater: Kinetic and toxicity
- (2019) Josiane Maria Muneron Mello et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering
- Aerobic granular sludge technology: Mechanisms of granulation and biotechnological applications
- (2018) Y.V. Nancharaiah et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Stability of aerobic granules during long-term bioreactor operation
- (2018) Rita D.G. Franca et al. BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
- An integrative review of granular sludge for the biological removal of nutrients and recalcitrant organic matter from wastewater
- (2018) Mari-Karoliina Henriikka Winkler et al. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Microbial degradation mechanism of pyridine by Paracoccus sp. NJUST30 newly isolated from aerobic granules
- (2018) Jing Wang et al. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Bacterial community dynamics within an aerobic granular sludge reactor treating wastewater loaded with pharmaceuticals
- (2018) Catarina L. Amorim et al. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
- Metagenomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Full-Scale Reclaimed Water Distribution Systems and Corresponding Potable Systems
- (2018) Emily Garner et al. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- The efficacy of bacterial species to decolourise reactive azo, anthroquinone and triphenylmethane dyes from wastewater: a review
- (2018) Saurabh Mishra et al. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
- Biodegradation of seven phthalate esters by Bacillus mojavensis B1811
- (2018) Jingfan Zhang et al. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
- Recent advances on biosorption by aerobic granular sludge
- (2018) Li Wang et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Aerobic granular sludge treating shipboard slop: Analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons loading rates on performances and stability
- (2018) Santo Fabio Corsino et al. PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY
- Aerobic granular sludge: Cultivation parameters and removal mechanisms
- (2018) Silvio Luiz de Sousa Rollemberg et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Treatment of 17α‑ethinylestradiol, 4‑nonylphenol, and carbamazepine in wastewater using an aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor
- (2018) Jordan Kent et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Extensive studies on the treatment of pulp mill wastewater using aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology
- (2018) H. Vashi et al. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Performance and microbial community of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor in the treatment of cephalosporin wastewater
- (2018) Zhonghua Li et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Biodegradation of phenol and benzene by endophytic bacterial strains isolated from refinery wastewater-fed Cannabis sativa
- (2017) Aneela Iqbal et al. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
- Aerobic granular sludge for bisphenol A (BPA) removal from wastewater
- (2017) Agnieszka Cydzik-Kwiatkowska et al. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
- Efficacy of free and encapsulated Bacillus lichenformis strain SL10 on degradation of phenol: A comparative study of degradation kinetics
- (2017) S. Chris Felshia et al. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
- Role of COD PCP /COD Total ratio on p -chlorophenol toxicity towards aerobic granular sludge
- (2017) Alireza Mesdaghinia et al. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
- Microbial treatment of industrial lignin: Successes, problems and challenges
- (2017) FNU Asina et al. RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
- Limits and perspectives of pulp and paper industry wastewater treatment – A review
- (2017) Renata Toczyłowska-Mamińska RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS
- Finding Knowledge Gaps in Aerobic Granulation Technology
- (2017) Saurabh Jyoti Sarma et al. TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Seawater-based wastewater accelerates development of aerobic granular sludge: A laboratory proof-of-concept
- (2017) Xiling Li et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Effective biotransformation and detoxification of anthraquinone dye reactive blue 4 by using aerobic bacterial granules
- (2017) Ashvini U. Chaudhari et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Performance and microbial community of a sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating synthetic mariculture wastewater under long-term exposure to norfloxacin
- (2016) Dong Zheng et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Kinetics of phenolic and phthalic acid esters biodegradation in membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal landfill leachate
- (2016) Jarungwit Boonnorat et al. CHEMOSPHERE
- Exploring the relationship between the EPS property and the toxicity of sludge for treating 4-chlorophenol synthetic wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor
- (2016) Zheng Bao et al. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
- Treatment of a simulated wastewater amended with a chiral pharmaceuticals mixture by an aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor
- (2016) Catarina L. Amorim et al. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
- Analysing performance of real textile wastewater bio-decolourization under different reaction environments
- (2016) M. Concetta Tomei et al. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
- Long-term performance and stability of a continuous granular airlift reactor treating a high-strength wastewater containing a mixture of aromatic compounds
- (2016) Carlos Ramos et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Simultaneous nitritation–denitritation for the treatment of high-strength nitrogen in hypersaline wastewater by aerobic granular sludge
- (2016) Santo Fabio Corsino et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Comparing aerobic granular sludge and flocculent sequencing batch reactor technologies for textile wastewater treatment
- (2015) N.D. Lourenço et al. BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Extracellular polymeric substances govern the development of biofilm and mass transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for improved biodegradation
- (2015) Yinping Zhang et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Performance of aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch bioreactor for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment
- (2015) Yali Liu et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Long-term impact of salinity on the performance and microbial population of an aerobic granular reactor treating a high-strength aromatic wastewater
- (2015) Carlos Ramos et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Enhanced pyridine biodegradation under anoxic condition: The key role of nitrate as the electron acceptor
- (2015) Jinyou Shen et al. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Toxicity assessment of 4-chlorophenol to aerobic granular sludge and its interaction with extracellular polymeric substances
- (2015) Dong Wei et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Removal of fluoxetine and its effects in the performance of an aerobic granular sludge sequential batch reactor
- (2015) Irina S. Moreira et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Aerobic granulation strategy for bioaugmentation of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating high strength pyridine wastewater
- (2015) Xiaodong Liu et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Biodegradation of tributyl phosphate, an organosphate triester, by aerobic granular biofilms
- (2015) Y.V. Nancharaiah et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Toxicity of bisphenol A to aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors
- (2015) Kai Li et al. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
- PAHs content of sewage sludge in Europe and its use as soil fertilizer
- (2015) Nicoleta A. Suciu et al. WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Evaluation of system performance and microbial communities of a bioaugmented anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating pharmaceutical wastewater
- (2015) Kok Kwang Ng et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Biodegradation of dibutyl phosphite by Sphingobium sp. AMGD5 isolated from aerobic granular biomass
- (2014) G. Kiran Kumar Reddy et al. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
- Pentachlorophenol removal byRhizopus oryzaeCDBB-H-1877 using sorption and degradation mechanisms
- (2014) H Hugo León-Santiesteban et al. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Enhanced selection of micro-aerobic pentachlorophenol degrading granular sludge
- (2014) Yuancai Lv et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Textile wastewater treatment: Aerobic granular sludge vs activated sludge systems
- (2014) Adriana Maria Lotito et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Coupling of a bioelectrochemical system for p-nitrophenol removal in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
- (2014) Jinyou Shen et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Tributyl phosphate biodegradation to butanol and phosphate and utilization by a novel bacterial isolate, Sphingobium sp. strain RSMS
- (2013) Shyam Sunder Rangu et al. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Livestock wastewater treatment using aerobic granular sludge
- (2013) Inawati Othman et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- The stability of aerobic granular sludge under 4-chloroaniline shock in a sequential air-lift bioreactor (SABR)
- (2013) Liang Zhu et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Simultaneous nitritation and p-nitrophenol removal using aerobic granular biomass in a continuous airlift reactor
- (2013) Zulkifly Jemaat et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Fouling characterization and nitrogen removal in a batch granulation membrane bioreactor
- (2013) Bui Xuan Thanh et al. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
- Treatment of HMX-Production Wastewater in an Aerobic Granular Reactor
- (2013) Jin-hua Zhang et al. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH
- Performance of aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch bioreactor exposed to ofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin
- (2013) Catarina L. Amorim et al. WATER RESEARCH
- p-Nitrophenol Biodegradation by Aerobic Microbial Granules
- (2012) E. Suja et al. APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Kinetics of aerobic biodegradation of dihydroxybenzenes by a p-nitrophenol-degrading activated sludge
- (2012) Laura Pramparo et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge for rubber wastewater treatment
- (2012) Noor Hasyimah Rosman et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge with a mixed wastewater rich in toxic organics
- (2011) Li Liu et al. BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Aerobic granular sludge formation for high strength agro-based wastewater treatment
- (2011) Norhayati Abdullah et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Degradation pathway, toxicity and kinetics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol with different co-substrate by aerobic granules in SBR
- (2011) Mohammad Zain khan et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Decolorization and biodegradation of azo dye, reactive blue 59 by aerobic granules
- (2011) Yogesh M. Kolekar et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Biodegradation of a mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and multiple chlorophenols by aerobic granules cultivated through plasmid pJP4 mediated bioaugmentation
- (2011) Jing-yun Ma et al. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Research on characteristics of aerobic granules treating petrochemical wastewater by acclimation and co-metabolism methods
- (2011) Hanmin Zhang et al. DESALINATION
- Bioremediation of 2-chlorophenol containing wastewater by aerobic granules-kinetics and toxicity
- (2011) Mohammad Zain khan et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- High-rate biodegradation and metabolic pathways of 4-chloroaniline by aerobic granules
- (2011) Liang Zhu et al. PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY
- 2-Fluorophenol degradation by aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor
- (2011) Anouk F. Duque et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Isolation and Characterization of Novel Bisphenol-A-Degrading Bacteria from Soils
- (2010) YOSHINOBU MATSUMURA et al. BIOCONTROL SCIENCE
- para-Nitrophenol 4-monooxygenase and hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase catalyze sequential transformation of 4-nitrocatechol in Pseudomonas sp. strain WBC-3
- (2010) Min Wei et al. BIODEGRADATION
- Growth kinetics and phenol biodegradation of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas putida LY1
- (2010) Yi Li et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
- Bioremediation of wastewaters with recalcitrant organic compounds and metals by aerobic granules
- (2010) A.M. Maszenan et al. BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
- The removal of high concentrations of phenol from saline wastewater using aerobic granular SBR
- (2010) Gholamreza Moussavi et al. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Performance and fouling characteristics in a membrane sequence batch reactor (MSBR) system coupled with aerobic granular sludge
- (2010) Xiang Tu et al. DESALINATION
- Structural Determination of a Key Exopolysaccharide in Mixed Culture Aerobic Sludge Granules Using NMR Spectroscopy
- (2010) Thomas Seviour et al. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- Purification and Conformational Analysis of a Key Exopolysaccharide Component of Mixed Culture Aerobic Sludge Granules
- (2010) Thomas Seviour et al. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- Characterization and mutagenesis of a two-component monooxygenase involved in para-nitrophenol degradation by an Arthrobacter strain
- (2010) Ping-Ping Liu et al. INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION
- A direct comparison amongst different technologies (aerobic granular sludge, SBR and MBR) for the treatment of wastewater contaminated by 4-chlorophenol
- (2010) Alessandra Carucci et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination—A review
- (2010) I. Oller et al. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
- Development of granular sludge for textile wastewater treatment
- (2010) Khalida Muda et al. WATER RESEARCH
- A chemically enhanced biological process for lowering operative costs and solid residues of industrial recalcitrant wastewater treatment
- (2010) Claudio Di Iaconi et al. WATER RESEARCH
- Degrading high-strength phenol using aerobic granular sludge
- (2009) Kuo-Ling Ho et al. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Filterability and extracellular polymeric substances of aerobic granules for AGMBR process
- (2009) Guang-Hui Yu et al. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers
- Gel-forming exopolysaccharides explain basic differences between structures of aerobic sludge granules and floccular sludges
- (2009) Thomas Seviour et al. WATER RESEARCH
- The microorganism community of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-degrading coupled granules
- (2009) Y. C. Chen et al. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate by Sphingomonas sp. isolated from phthalic-acid-degrading aerobic granules
- (2008) Ping Zeng et al. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Microbial degradation and metabolic pathway of pyridine by a Paracoccus sp. strain BW001
- (2008) Yaohui Bai et al. BIODEGRADATION
- Combination of adsorption and biodegradation processes for textile effluent treatment using a granular activated carbon-bioflm confgured packed column system
- (2008) SoonAn ONG et al. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
- Acetate-fed aerobic granular sludge for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol
- (2008) Alessandra Carucci et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- The characteristics and mechanisms of pyridine biodegradation by Streptomyces sp.
- (2008) Jiwu Li et al. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Biosorption of Malachite Green from aqueous solutions onto aerobic granules: Kinetic and equilibrium studies
- (2007) Xue-Fei Sun et al. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
Publish scientific posters with Peeref
Peeref publishes scientific posters from all research disciplines. Our Diamond Open Access policy means free access to content and no publication fees for authors.
Learn MoreAsk a Question. Answer a Question.
Quickly pose questions to the entire community. Debate answers and get clarity on the most important issues facing researchers.
Get Started