Flood-prone area mapping using machine learning techniques: a case study of Quang Binh province, Vietnam

Vietnam's central coastal region is the most vulnerable and always at flood risk, severely affecting people's livelihoods and socio-economic development. In particular, Quang Binh province is often affected by floods and storms over the year. However, it still lacks studies on flood hazard estimation and prediction tools in this area. This study aims to develop a flooding susceptibility assessment tool using various machine learning (ML) techniques namely alternating decision tree (AD Tree), logistic model tree (LM Tree), reduced-error pruning tree (REP Tree), J48 decision tree (J48) and Naive Bayes tree (NB Tree); historical flood marks; and available data of topography, hydrology, geology, and environment considering Quang Binh province as a study area. We used flood mark locations of major flooding events in the years 2007, 2010, and 2016; and ten flood conditioning factors to construct and validate the ML models. Various validation methods, including area under the ROC curve (AUC), were used to validate and compare the models. The result of the models' validation suggests that all models have good performance: AD Tree (AUC = 0.968), LM Tree (AUC = 0.967), REP Tree (AUC = 0.897), J48 (AUC = 0.953), and NB Tree (AUC = 0.986). Out of these, NB Tree managed to achieve the best performance in terms of flood prediction with an accuracy higher than 92 %. The final flood susceptibility map highlights 6,265 km(2) (78.8 % area) with a very low flooding hazard, 391 km(2) (4.9 % area) with a low flooding hazard, 224 km(2) (2.8 % area) with a moderate flooding hazard, 243 km(2) (3.1 %) with a high flooding hazard, and 829 km(2) (10.4 % area) with very high flooding hazard. The final flooding susceptibility assessment map could add a valuable source for flood risk reduction and management activities of Quang Binh province.

Automated summary

This study developed a flooding susceptibility assessment tool for Quang Binh province in Vietnam using machine learning techniques and historical flood marks. The validation of various models showed good performance, with Naive Bayes tree achieving the highest accuracy of over 92%. The final flood susceptibility map categorized different areas based on flood risk, providing valuable information for flood risk reduction and management in Quang Binh province.