Article
Environmental Sciences
Junjie Jia, Yang Gao, Kun Sun, Yao Lu, Jing Wang, Kun Shi
Summary: Phytoplankton contribute significantly to global carbon fixation, but the understanding of C sequestration capacity and driving mechanisms varies across different taxonomic groups. This study proposes a model for phytoplankton carbon fixation based on monitoring data from a floodplain lake system. Results indicate that dominant phytoplankton communities have higher total carbon sequestration potential and gross primary productivity compared to rare phytoplankton communities. The rainy season is associated with increased photosynthesis and metabolism in dominant phytoplankton communities due to higher water levels, temperatures, and solar radiation. Water level fluctuations also affect nutrient and metal concentrations, impacting phytoplankton growth and primary productivity. The floodplain lake system becomes a heterotrophic carbon source, unlike static water lake systems.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rina Heu, May Phue Wai, Sokly Siev, Vibol Chem, Khy Eam Eang, Vannak Ann, Mohamed Ateia, Chihiro Yoshimura
Summary: This study investigated the role of DSi in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. The concentration of DSi was higher in the dry season than in the wet season, and both measurements were comparable with lakes in other parts of the world. The molar ratio of TN:TP:DSi suggested limitation of TP and DSi in both seasons, and phytoplankton biomass was found to be influenced by DSi, TN:TP, dissolved oxygen, and water temperature.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jiaxing Xu, Hongxiang Fan, Minghan Luo, Piji Li, Taeseop Jeong, Ligang Xu
Summary: In this study, the transformer neural network model is applied to predict water levels in Poyang Lake, and the effects of the Yangtze River, hyper-parameters, and lead time on model accuracy are explored. The results show that the transformer model performs well in simulating water level variations, with RMSE values ranging from 0.26 to 0.70 m and NSE values higher than 0.94. The model's accuracy is significantly influenced by hyper-parameters and lead time. This model can be applied to long sequence time-series forecasting in other lakes, providing scientific evidence for flood control and lake resource management.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Mingzheng Li, Chang Liu, Fei Liu, Jianwei Wang, Huanzhang Liu
Summary: This study evaluates the long-term dynamics of fishery yields in Poyang Lake and its relationship to hydrological variability. The results show that changes in water levels have a significant impact on fishery yields, which have been decreasing over the past few decades. This study is important for the conservation of fish resources and lake ecosystems.
FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Jing Chen, Yunliang Li, Longcang Shu, Shaowen Fang, Jing Yao, Sijia Cao, Bingru Zeng, Mei Yang
Summary: The extreme drought in Poyang Lake in 2022 significantly decreased floodplain groundwater levels, especially in the eastern area, and accelerated groundwater discharge rate. This study contributes to a better understanding of future water resources allocation and drought resistance strategy.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hexiang Chen, Zhongtian Zhang, Guangqiu Jin, Hongwu Tang, Siyi Zhang, Qi Zhang
Summary: Seasonal lakes are affected by the seasonal water level fluctuations and play an important ecological function. The exchange of solutes between seasonal lakes and main lakes is determined by the water level, and permanent hydrological isolation increases the solute concentration in seasonal lakes. The solute source in main lakes leads to a decrease in solute concentration in seasonal lakes. Higher water level amplitudes result in a greater decrease in solute concentration.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Lili Xiong, Shaowen Fang, Kuanyi Li, Zhaoshi Wu, Xiang Min, Jianxin Liu, Jiusheng Xing, Yanqing Deng, Yuyin Guo
Summary: The hydrological conditions in Lake Poyang are complex due to its connection with the Yangtze River, leading to unique drivers of phytoplankton distribution. Phytoplankton density has been increasing annually, with water temperature, water flow velocity, and Secchi depth identified as key drivers. Changes in dominant genera are influenced by nutrients and water flow velocity, with decreases in nutrient concentrations observed in recent years.
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Vouchlay Theng, Ratino Sith, Sovannara Uk, Chihiro Yoshimura
Summary: This study aims to develop a two-dimensional primary production model to understand the phytoplankton biomass and growth rates in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. The model successfully described the major spatiotemporal variations of phytoplankton in the lake and revealed that the specific growth rate peaked during the low-water period. It provides important insights into phytoplankton productivity in tropical lake-floodplain systems.
ECOLOGICAL MODELLING
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Fei Du, Shiyan Wang, Zhen Han, Xiaobo Liu, Chang Liu, Aiping Huang, Kaiqi Chen, Shilin Zhao, Liang Wang, Zhi Jiang
Summary: This study analyzed the impact of hydrological processes on the wetland landscape and migratory bird habitats in Poyang Lake. It identified the critical factors affecting grassland area and optimal water levels for maintaining bird habitats. Additionally, it proposed the optimal inundation period for different plant communities using ecological thresholds.
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Minghao Chen, Sidong Zeng, Bo Jiang, Zhaofei Wen, Jian Wu, Jun Xia
Summary: Wetland vegetation is crucial for ecosystem services in lake wetlands worldwide. The effects of hydrological factors and temperature on vegetation cover changes in lake wetlands have not been well separated and evaluated. A novel indicator (Rtaw) was developed to assess the effects of temperature change and water level change on vegetation cover changes in the Poyang Lake wetland (PLW). The results showed that temperature change and water level fluctuation both had significant impacts on vegetation cover changes in the PLW.
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zhaoxi Li, Yang Gao, Shuoyue Wang, Ke Zhang, Qi Lin, Junjie Jia, Yao Lu
Summary: This study investigates the phytoplankton community structure, chlorophyll distribution, and associated environmental factors in Poyang Lake, China, throughout a hydrological cycle. The results show a loss in sediment pigment information in the main lake and water channel due to strong hydrodynamic conditions. Sub-lakes sediment pigments accurately reflect phytoplankton community structure and can be considered as preferred lake zones for proxy indexes.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Lilin Zheng, Xiaolong Wang, Dahui Li, Guoyu Xu, Yufei Guo
Summary: The study in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, reveals that vegetation extent of different wetland types has shown varying growth trends in recent years, influenced by hydrological variables. However, prolonged floods and extreme droughts, natural and anthropogenic factors, may pose a risk of degradation to the wetland ecosystem.
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Biqing Tian, Peng Gao, Xingmin Mu, Guangju Zhao
Summary: In this study, changes in the water area of Poyang Lake from 1977-2021 were investigated using remote sensing imagery, hydrological data, meteorological data, and land use surveys. The results showed that the water area of Poyang Lake decreased during the study period, primarily due to changes in river runoff and sediment load. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam also played a role in reducing water flow into the lake, resulting in a decrease in water area in certain seasons.
Article
Ecology
Junpeng Bai, Huan Zhang, Hongkang Zhou, Shu Li, Bin Gao, Peng Chen, Long Ma, Zhifeng Xu, Zhen Zhang, Changxin Xu, Luzhang Ruan, Gang Ge
Summary: This study examines the ecological niche segregation and habitat use of herbivorous waterbirds to reveal the coexistence mechanism at Poyang Lake during winter. The decline in water levels provides food and habitats for waterbirds, aiding in alleviating interspecific competition.
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xinping Yu, Yuwei Chen, Junjie Wang, Hancheng Li, Jinfu Liu, Nan Chen, Chang Wang
Summary: Eutrophication of water bodies leads to an increase in phytoplankton, especially cyanobacteria, which in turn affects the species distribution of migratory birds, disrupting the ecological balance of affected habitats. Analyzing 9 years of field data from Duchang Nature Reserve, it was found that the nutrient content of the water decreased while phytoplankton increased. Additionally, the factors influencing phytoplankton shifted from nutrient control to hydrological control, with the driving factors being seasonal.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yao Lu, Yang Gao, Junjie Jia, Shaxia Xia, Xuefa Wen, Xiubo Yu, Kun Shi, Zhaoxi Li, Shuoyue Wang
Summary: This study focused on Poyang Lake, which has rapid water renewal and high river-lake connectivity, leading to a large amount of dissolved inorganic carbon that cannot be deposited into sediment. The main sources of dissolved inorganic carbon in Poyang Lake are atmospheric deposition, carbonate weathering, and silicate weathering. The coupling characteristics of carbon and water in the Poyang Lake Basin continuously change under such conditions.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yao Lu, Yang Gao, Kun Sun, Sidan Lyu, Xuefa Wen, Junjie Jia, Zhaoxi Li, Shuoyue Wang
Summary: This study continuously monitored NEE, RE, and GEE in a small subtropical watershed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The results showed that an increase in water availability promoted an increase in carbon exchange on hourly and daily scales, but inhibited it on an annual scale. Climate change-induced irregular rainfall patterns may weaken the overall carbon sequestration capacity of subtropical forest ecosystems.
ACS EARTH AND SPACE CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Zhaoxi Li, Yang Gao, Junjie Jia, Kun Sun, Sidan Lyu, Shuoyue Wang, Yao Lu, Xuefa Wen
Summary: This study revealed the hysteresis effect in sediment carbon response to changes in water carbon concentrations in a lake, influenced by biological and environmental factors and sediment stratification characteristics. The synergistic effect of phytoplankton and environmental factors plays a key role in causing the hysteresis effect to occur. Moreover, the combined effect of sediment carbon from different depths also contributes to the hysteresis effect in carbon deposition.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Zhaoxi Li, Yang Gao, Shuoyue Wang, Yao Lu, Kun Sun, Junjie Jia, Yafeng Wang
Summary: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the highest and largest plateau in the world, has unique phytoplankton species that are highly sensitive to environmental changes. Research findings indicate that salinity is a critical controlling factor for all phytoplankton communities, and altitude is an important driver for variation in phytoplankton size and response to nutrients.
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
(2021)
Article
Agronomy
Shuoyue Wang, Yao Lu, Xuefa Wen, Kun Sun, Junjie Jia, Zhaoxi Li, Yang Gao
Summary: The study evaluated the impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon assimilation characteristics in the Poyang Lake watershed. Results showed an increase in nitrogen deposition leading to an increase in nitrogen deposition flux, but a decrease in wet deposition N flux and NHx/NOy ratio. Forests had a higher carbon assimilation potential compared to other ecosystem types, with nitrogen deposition having the greatest impact on forest carbon assimilation and playing a positive role in sequestering carbon in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the watershed.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yao Lu, Yang Gao, Jennifer A. J. Dungait, Junjie Jia, Kun Sun, Shuoyue Wang, Yafeng Wang, Zhaoxi Li
Summary: Salinity, area, and altitude are the main environmental gradients influencing lake water and carbon sources on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Evaporation plays a significant role in controlling the chemical characteristics of lake systems. Glacial meltwater, rainwater, soil water, and evaporation are key factors influencing lake water on the plateau. Atmospheric exchange, soil organic matter, and rock weathering are major sources of dissolved inorganic carbon in lake water. Salinity and altitude, particularly salinity, are the main influencing factors on lake water and carbon sources in the plateau region.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shuoyue Wang, Yang Gao, Junjie Jia, Yao Lu, Kun Sun, Xianrui Ha, Zhaoxi Li, Wanqian Deng
Summary: This study used the dual stable isotope approach to investigate the sources and drivers of particulate organic carbon (POC) in a floodplain lake system. The findings showed that the composition of POC changed from endogenous dominant to exogenous dominant vertically in the lake. Environmental factors associated with phytoplankton photosynthesis and nutrient levels primarily drove surface POC, while soil erosion, sediment deposition, and resuspension strongly affected POC distribution and composition in the middle and bottom layers of the lake.
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yang Gao, Shuoyue Wang, Yao Lu, Jianbao Liu, Sidan Lyu, Kun Sun, Junjie Jia, Zhaoxi Li, Guirui Yu
Summary: This paper systematically analyzes the global land-water-air interface carbon migration processes and investigates the important role of terrestrial ecosystems in carbon sinks. It also evaluates the status of China's regional carbon budgets and the carbon sequestration potential of its lake systems. The study emphasizes the significance of quantifying the impacts of human activities on carbon transport and exchange.
SCIENCE CHINA-EARTH SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Xianrui Ha, Yang Gao, Junjie Jia, Yao Lu, Kun Sun, Shuoyue Wang, Zhaoxi Li, Wanqian Deng
Summary: This study explores the seasonal role of carbon and silicon in a floodplain-lake system, finding that runoff significantly affects the transport of C and Si, and reveals that diatom and other algae growth may influence DTC and DSi concentrations through various biochemical processes.
ECOHYDROLOGY & HYDROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Di Shen, Yafeng Wang, Junjie Jia, Jing Wang, Fei Wang, Yao Lu, Shuoyue Wang, Zhaoxi Li, Yang Gao
Summary: Trace metal pollution is prevalent in lake systems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and it has significant effects on phytoplankton growth and community structure. Altitude is inversely related to trace metal concentrations and positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass, while salinity levels are positively correlated to trace metal concentrations and negatively correlated with phytoplankton biomass.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zhaoxi Li, Yang Gao, Shuoyue Wang, Ke Zhang, Qi Lin, Junjie Jia, Yao Lu
Summary: This study investigates the phytoplankton community structure, chlorophyll distribution, and associated environmental factors in Poyang Lake, China, throughout a hydrological cycle. The results show a loss in sediment pigment information in the main lake and water channel due to strong hydrodynamic conditions. Sub-lakes sediment pigments accurately reflect phytoplankton community structure and can be considered as preferred lake zones for proxy indexes.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shuoyue Wang, Yang Gao, Junjie Jia, Yao Lu, Jing Wang, Xianrui Ha, Zhaoxi Li, Kun Sun
Summary: This study found that photosynthesis, respiration, and organic matter degradation were the main driving mechanisms of CO2 absorption and release in Lake Poyang. The water-level fluctuations inherent to floodplain-lakes may also have an impact on C cycling processes and CO2 exchange rates.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yao Lu, Yang Gao, Junjie Jia, Shuoyue Wang, Kun Sun, Xianrui Ha, Zhaoxi Li
Summary: The water-air interface is the most active area for lake carbon emissions. The study found that the C exchange status at the water-air interface is regulated by the coupled connective effect of the water regime-water quality-GPP-pCO(2) effect. Additionally, in water conveyance-type lake systems, C emissions were highest during the intermediate-water-level period.
ACS EARTH AND SPACE CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Wanqian Deng, Kun Sun, Junjie Jia, Xianrui Ha, Shuoyue Wang, Zhaoxi Li, Yang Gao
Summary: Phytoplankton primary productivity from the surface to the euphotic depth (PPeu) is an important indicator for estimating the carbon (C) sequestration capacity of a lake system. This study used MODIS observations to explore the spatiotemporal PPeu patterns in typical Tibetan Plateau lake systems during 2002-2020 and investigate the driving mechanisms behind these patterns. The results showed that PPeu in Tibetan Plateau lake systems is influenced by factors such as day length, land surface temperature, chlorophyll-a content, and relative humidity, with anthropogenic emissions also playing a significant role.
REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS-SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Arfan Arshad, Ali Mirchi, Javier Vilcaez, Muhammad Umar Akbar, Kaveh Madani
Summary: High-resolution, continuous groundwater data is crucial for adaptive aquifer management. This study presents a predictive modeling framework that incorporates covariates and existing observations to estimate groundwater level changes. The framework outperforms other methods and provides reliable estimates for unmonitored sites. The study also examines groundwater level changes in different regions and highlights the importance of effective aquifer management.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Lihua Chen, Jie Deng, Wenzhe Yang, Hang Chen
Summary: A new grid-based distributed karst hydrological model (GDKHM) is developed to simulate streamflow in the flood-prone karst area of Southwest China. The results show that the GDKHM performs well in predicting floods and capturing the spatial variability of karst system.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Faruk Gurbuz, Avinash Mudireddy, Ricardo Mantilla, Shaoping Xiao
Summary: Machine learning algorithms have shown better performance in streamflow prediction compared to traditional hydrological models. In this study, researchers proposed a methodology to test and benchmark ML algorithms using artificial data generated by physically-based hydrological models. They found that deep learning algorithms can correctly identify the relationship between streamflow and rainfall in certain conditions, but fail to outperform traditional prediction methods in other scenarios.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yadong Ji, Jianyu Fu, Bingjun Liu, Zeqin Huang, Xuejin Tan
Summary: This study distinguishes the uncertainty in drought projection into scenario uncertainty, model uncertainty, and internal variability uncertainty. The results show that the estimation of total uncertainty reaches a minimum in the mid-21st century and that model uncertainty is dominant in tropical regions.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Z. R. van Leeuwen, M. J. Klaar, M. W. Smith, L. E. Brown
Summary: This study quantifies the effectiveness of leaky dams in reducing flood peak magnitude using a transfer function noise modelling approach. The results show that leaky dams have a significant but highly variable impact on flood peak magnitude, and managing expectations should consider event size and type.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zeda Yin, Yasaman Saadati, M. Hadi Amini, Linlong Bian, Beichao Hu
Summary: Combined sewer overflows pose significant threats to public health and the environment, and various strategies have been proposed to mitigate their adverse effects. Smart control strategies have gained traction due to their cost-effectiveness but face challenges in balancing precision and computational efficiency. To address this, we propose exploring machine learning models and the inversion of neural networks for more efficient CSO prediction and optimization.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Qimou Zhang, Jiacong Huang, Jing Zhang, Rui Qian, Zhen Cui, Junfeng Gao
Summary: This study developed a N-cycling model for lowland rural rivers covered by macrophytes and investigated the N imports, exports, and response to sediment dredging. The findings showed a considerable N retention ability in the study river, with significant N imports from connected rivers and surrounding polders. Sediment dredging increased particulate nitrogen resuspension and settling rates, while decreasing ammonia nitrogen release, denitrification, and macrophyte uptake rates.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Xue Li, Yingyin Zhou, Jian Sha, Man Zhang, Zhong-Liang Wang
Summary: High-resolution climate data is crucial for predicting regional climate and water environment changes. In this study, a two-step downscaling method was developed to enhance the spatial resolution of GCM data and improve the accuracy for small basins. The method combined medium-resolution climate data with high-resolution topographic data to capture spatial and temporal details. The downscaled climate data were then used to simulate the impacts of climate change on hydrology and water quality in a small basin. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the downscaling method for spatially differentiated simulations.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Tongqing Shen, Peng Jiang, Jiahui Zhao, Xuegao Chen, Hui Lin, Bin Yang, Changhai Tan, Ying Zhang, Xinting Fu, Zhongbo Yu
Summary: This study evaluates the long-term interannual dynamics of permafrost distribution and active layer thickness on the Tibetan Plateau, and predicts future degradation trends. The results show that permafrost area has been decreasing and active layer thickness has been increasing, with an accelerated degradation observed in recent decades. This has significant implications for local water cycle processes, water ecology, and water security.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Chi Zhang, Xu Zhang, Qiuhong Tang, Deliang Chen, Jinchuan Huang, Shaohong Wu, Yubo Liu
Summary: Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau is influenced by systems such as the Asian monsoons, the westerlies, and local circulations. The Indian monsoon, the westerlies, and local circulations are the main systems affecting precipitation over the entire Tibetan Plateau. The East Asian summer monsoon primarily affects the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The Indian monsoon has the greatest influence on precipitation in the southern and central grid cells, while the westerlies have the greatest influence on precipitation in the northern and western grid cells. Local circulations have the strongest influence on the central and eastern grid cells.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Manuel Almeida, Antonio Rodrigues, Pedro Coelho
Summary: This study aimed to improve the accuracy of Total Phosphorus export coefficient models, which are essential for water management. Four different models were applied to 27 agroforestry watersheds in the Mediterranean region. The modeling approach showed significant improvements in predicting the Total Phosphorus diffuse loads.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yutao Wang, Haojie Yin, Ziyi Wang, Yi Li, Pingping Wang, Longfei Wang
Summary: This study investigated the distribution and transformation of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in riverbed sediments impacted by effluent discharge. The authors found that the spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface water and sediment porewater could be used to predict DON variations in riverbed sediments. Random forest and extreme gradient boosting machine learning methods were employed to provide accurate predictions of DON content and properties at different depths. These findings have important implications for wastewater discharge management and river health.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Saba Mirza Alipour, Kolbjorn Engeland, Joao Leal
Summary: This study assesses the uncertainty associated with 100-year flood maps under different scenarios using Monte Carlo simulations. The findings highlight the importance of employing probabilistic approaches for accurate and secure flood maps, with the selection of probability distribution being the primary source of uncertainty in precipitation.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Janine A. de Wit, Marjolein H. J. van Huijgevoort, Jos C. van Dam, Ge A. P. H. van den Eertwegh, Dion van Deijl, Coen J. Ritsema, Ruud P. Bartholomeus
Summary: The study focuses on the hydrological consequences of controlled drainage with subirrigation (CD-SI) on groundwater level, soil moisture content, and soil water potential. The simulations show that CD-SI can improve hydrological conditions for crop growth, but the success depends on subtle differences in geohydrologic characteristics.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Constantin Seidl, Sarah Ann Wheeler, Declan Page
Summary: Water availability and quality issues will become increasingly important in the future due to climate change impacts. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is an effective water management tool, but often overlooked. This study analyzes global MAR applications and identifies the key factors for success, providing valuable insights for future design and application.
JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY
(2024)
