1H R1ρ relaxation dispersion experiments in aromatic side chains

Aromatic side chains are attractive probes of protein dynamic, since they are often key residues in enzyme active sites and protein binding sites. Dynamic processes on microsecond to millisecond timescales can be studied by relaxation dispersion experiments that attenuate conformational exchange contributions to the transverse relaxation rate by varying the refocusing frequency of applied radio-frequency fields implemented as either CPMG pulse trains or continuous spin-lock periods. Here we present an aromatic H-1 R-1 rho relaxation dispersion experiment enabling studies of two to three times faster exchange processes than achievable by existing experiments for aromatic side chains. We show that site-specific isotope labeling schemes generating isolated H-1-C-13 spin pairs with vicinal H-2-C-12 moieties are necessary to avoid anomalous relaxation dispersion profiles caused by Hartmann-Hahn matching due to the (3)J(HH) couplings and limited chemical shift differences among H-1 spins in phenylalanine, tyrosine and the six-ring moiety of tryptophan. This labeling pattern is sufficient in that remote protons do not cause additional complications. We validated the approach by measuring ring-flip kinetics in the small protein GB1. The determined rate constants, k(flip), agree well with previous results from C-13 R-1 rho relaxation dispersion experiments, and yield H-1 chemical shift differences between the two sides of the ring in good agreement with values measured under slow-exchange conditions. The aromatic(1)H R-1 rho relaxation dispersion experiment in combination with the site-selective H-1-C-13/H-2-C-12 labeling scheme enable measurement of exchange rates up to k(ex) = 2k(flip) = 80,000 s(-1), and serve as a useful complement to previously developed C-13-based methods.

Automated summary

Aromatic side chains play an important role in protein dynamics and can be studied using relaxation dispersion experiments. The newly introduced H-1 R-1 rho relaxation dispersion experiment allows for faster exchange processes compared to existing methods, with the use of site-specific isotope labeling schemes to avoid anomalous relaxation dispersion profiles. This approach has been validated in measuring ring-flip kinetics in the protein GB1, providing useful information on exchange rates and serving as a complement to C-13-based methods.