Journal
FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
Volume 97, Issue -, Pages 11-22Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.021
Keywords
Pseuderanthemum palatiferum; TNF-alpha; IL-6; NF-kappa B; C/EBP; AP-1
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Funding
- Royal Golden Jubilee Scholarship [PhD/0208/2548]
- National Research Council of Thailad (NRCT) through Suranaree University of Technology [SUT-104-53-36-09]
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The anti-inflammatory potential and underlying mechanisms of an ethanol extract of Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (EEP) leaves was investigated using LPS-activated macrophages. Our results show EEP produced a concentration-dependent suppression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion by LPS-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages. EEP also suppressed LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 protein and mRNA levels in mouse-derived myeloid cell line RAW264.7. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for impaired TNF-alpha and IL-6 regulation by EEP, the activation of transcription factors, NF-kappa B, CiEBP, and AP-1, was monitored using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. EEP suppressed LPS-induced NF-kappa B DNA binding activity within both the TNF-alpha and IL-6 promoters in RAW264.7 cells with impairment being more pronounced in the IL-6 promoter. In addition, EEP exhibited a concentration-dependent suppression of C/EBP and AP-1 DNA binding activity within the IL-6 promoter. Concordantly, IL-6 luciferase promoter reporter activity was also suppressed by EEP in transiently transfected RAW264.7 cells, upon LPS activation. EEP analysis by GC-MS and HPLC DAD-MSD revealed the presence of beta-sitosterol and various polyphenols, respectively, which are known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. Collectively, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of EEP are mediated, at least in part, by modulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression through impairment of NF-kappa B, C/EBP, and AP-1 activity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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