Journal
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
Volume 69, Issue 30, Pages 8403-8414Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01445
Keywords
citrus pectin oligosaccharides; structure; microbiota metabolites; immunometabolism
Funding
- Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China [201303076]
- Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hubei [2015ABA035]
- Technological Innovation Major Project of Hubei Province [2018ABA072]
- China Scholarship Council (CSC)
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Prepared citrus pectin oligosaccharides (POS) and their microbial metabolites have immunometabolism-modulating effects on human macrophages, activating immune responses and exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties through various mechanisms. The effects include facilitating cholesterol efflux, suppressing cholesterol synthesis, and inhibiting inflammation and cholesterol uptake-related genes.
We characterized the structure of prepared citrus pectin oligosaccharides (POS) and investigated the immunometabolism-modulating effects of POS and their microbial metabolites on human macrophages. Both POS and metabolites activated immune responses and exhibited anti-inflammatory properties in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via regulating expressions of inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-kappa B. Cholesterol efflux was also facilitated via increased gene expressions of the liver X receptor-alpha-adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1/ABCG1 pathway and suppressed cholesterol synthesis via suppressing expressions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Microbial degradation prevented POS from attenuating palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4-induced inflammation and promoting M2 polarization, but it is capable of inhibiting cholesterol uptake-related genes CD36 and SR-A. These findings indicate that immunometabolism-modulating effects of POS are not solely microbiota-dependent effects. Both POS and their microbial metabolites are potential immunometabolism modulators via different mechanisms.
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