Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 15, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158035
Keywords
therapeutic cancer vaccine; combination immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitor; tumor microenvironment
Funding
- Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korean government [NRF-2021R1I1A1A01059271, NRF-2020R1C1C1010722]
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Therapeutic cancer vaccines are increasingly being used in personalized cancer immunotherapy, with the aim of establishing long-lasting immune memory against tumor cells. However, challenges remain due to resistance mechanisms, and strategies such as combining immune checkpoint inhibitors are suggested to enhance vaccine efficacy.
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have become increasingly qualified for use in personalized cancer immunotherapy. A deeper understanding of tumor immunology and novel antigen delivery technologies has assisted in optimizing vaccine design. Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to establish long-lasting immunological memory against tumor cells, thereby leading to effective tumor regression and minimizing non-specific or adverse events. However, due to several resistance mechanisms, significant challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve these goals. In this review, we describe our current understanding with respect to the use of the antigen repertoire in vaccine platform development. We also summarize various intrinsic and extrinsic resistance mechanisms behind the failure of cancer vaccine development in the past. Finally, we suggest a strategy that combines immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines.
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