Performance evaluation of crop residue and kitchen waste-derived biochar for eco-efficient removal of arsenic from soils of the Indo-Gangetic plain: A step towards sustainable pollution management

Biochar was produced from wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), rice straw (Oryza sativa), and kitchen waste at varying pyrolysis temperatures (300 degrees C-700 degrees C). The biochars were screened depending on their production and physicochemical properties for the adsorptive removal of arsenic (As). The morphological analysis by Field emission scanning electron microscope revealed a porous biochar surface. Spectroscopic characterization of biochars indicated the co-existence of minerals, carboxyl, carbonyl, amide, and hydroxyl groups, which implies the suitability of biochar to immobilize metal (loid)s from soils. Changes in peaks were observed in Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction images after As sorption indicating the involvement of chemisorption. The thermogravimetric analysis and a low H/C value derived from the CHNS analyzer confirmed the high stability of biochar. The BET analysis was used to estimate the surface areas of wheat straw (15.8 m(2) g(-1)), rice straw (12.5 m(2) g(-1)), and kitchen waste (2.57 m(2) g(-1))-derived biochars. Batch sorption studies were performed to optimize experimental parameters for maximum removal of As. Maximum removal of As was observed for wheat straw-derived biochar (pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C) at 8 mg L-1 initial concentration (IC), 7.5 % dose, 25 degrees C temperature, and 60 min contact time (83.7 +/- 0.06 %); in rice straw-derived biochar (pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C) at 8 mg L-1 IC, 7.5 % dose, 25 degrees C temperature, 90 min contact time (83.6 +/- 0.37 %); and in kitchen waste-derived biochar (pyrolyzed at 500 degrees C) at 8 mg L-1 IC, 5 % dose, 25 degrees C temperature, 60 min contact time (76.7 +/- 0.16 %). The sorption model parameters suggested the possibility of chemisorption, physisorption, diffusion, and ion exchange for the removal of As. Therefore, it could be recommended to farmers that instead of disposing or burning straws and waste openly, they could adopt the process of charring to generate livelihood security and mitigation of geogenic contaminants from the soil/water dynamic systems.

Automated summary

Biochar was produced from various sources at different pyrolysis temperatures for adsorptive removal of arsenic. Wheat straw-derived biochar showed the highest arsenic removal efficiency. Spectroscopic and morphological analysis indicated the porous nature of biochar and the presence of functional groups suitable for metal immobilization.