Source- and polymer-specific size distributions of fine microplastics in surface water in an urban rive

There is increasing concern about the environmental behaviors of microplastics (MPs), in particular fine MPs (FMPs), such as their concentrations, sources, size distributions, and fragmentation by weathering in waters. However, there is little information about size distributions of MP polymer types and their relationships to their sources. Here, we analyzed concentrations, compositions, and size distributions of 18 polymer types of MPs of >20 mu m by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with a novel pretreatment method in surface waters at five sites from the headwaters to the mouth of a Japanese river, and in influent and effluent from a sewage treatment plant (STP). The micmplastic concentrations ranged from 300 to 1240 particles/m(3) in surface waters. Cluster analysis identified two primary sources of MPs: residential wastewater at the headwater site and non-point sources from urban areas at downstream sites; concentrations of chemical contaminants from STPs were much higher at the downstream sites. The median particle sizes (D-50) of MPs increased in urban areas at the downstream sites and were larger than those in influent and effluent. These results imply the release of larger MPs from non-point sources in urban areas. The size distributions of each polymer and all MPs could be fitted significantly to the Weibull distribution function. Values of D-50, shape parameters, and scale parameters estimated from the functions were useful indicators for evaluating size distributions in detail. A significant positive correlation of D-50 with the tensile strengths of virgin polymers among 13 dominant polymers detected in the surface water suggests that the fragmentation properties of each polymer are influenced by its physical strength. Multidimensional analysis with concentrations, polymeric compositions, and size distributions of MPs, including FMPs, could provide useful information about their sources and their environmental behaviors.

Automated summary

The study found that in a river in Japan, microplastics (MPs) in the upstream area primarily originate from residential wastewater, while in downstream urban areas they come from non-point sources of pollution; chemical contaminant concentrations are significantly higher in the downstream area; the size distribution of all MPs fits the Weibull distribution function, and polymer types have a clear impact on size distribution.