Adrenergically induced translocation of red blood cell 8-adrenergic sodium- proton exchangers has ecological relevance for hypoxic and hypercapnic white seabass

White seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) increasingly experience periods of low oxygen (O-2; hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (CO2, hypercapnia) due to climate change and eutrophication of the coastal waters of California. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the principal O-2 carrier in the blood and in many teleost fishes Hb-O-2 binding is compromised at low pH; however, the red blood cells (RBC) of some species regulate intracellular pH with adrenergically stimulated sodium-proton-exchangers (8-NHEs). We hypothesized that RBC 8-NHEs in white seabass are an important mechanism that can protect the blood O-2-carrying capacity during hypoxia and hypercapnia. We determined the O-2-binding characteristics of white seabass blood, the cellular and subcellular response of RBCs to adrenergic stimulation, and quantified the protective effect of 8-NHE activity on Hb-O-2 saturation. White seabass had typical teleost Hb characteristics, with a moderate O-2 affinity (PO2 at half-saturation; P-50 2.9 kPa) that was highly pH-sensitive (Bohr coefficient -0.92; Root effect 52%). Novel findings from super-resolution microscopy revealed 8-NHE protein in vesicle like structures and its translocation into the membrane after adrenergic stimulation. Microscopy data were corroborated by molecular and phylogenetic results and a functional characterization of 8-NHE activity. The activation of RBC 8-NHEs increased HbO(2) saturation by similar to 8% in normoxic hypercapnia and by up to similar to 20% in hypoxic normocapnia. Our results provide novel insight into the cellular mechanism of adrenergic RBC stimulation within an ecologically relevant context. 8-NHE activity in white sea bass has great potential to protect arterial O-2 transport during hypoxia and hypercapnia but is less effective during combinations of these stressors.

Automated summary

White seabass experience periods of low oxygen and high carbon dioxide due to climate change and eutrophication. Their red blood cells regulate intracellular pH with adrenergically stimulated sodium-proton-exchangers, which can protect the blood O-2-carrying capacity. The activation of RBC 8-NHEs increases HbO(2) saturation, providing insight into the cellular mechanism of adrenergic RBC stimulation.