Revealing the Importance of Capillary and Collisional Stresses on Soil Bed Erosion Induced by Debris Flows

Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme rainfall events and the snow cover to melt at high altitudes, which may exacerbate the threat posed by debris flows. Soil bed erosion, the process by which the bed material fails under loadings from a debris flow, is perhaps the most important momentum exchange process that governs the destructive potential of debris flows. Existing erosion theories adopt saturated soil mechanics to describe the failure of soil bed and place a strong emphasis on the basal friction induced shear stress as the driving mechanism. However, soil beds in nature are rarely saturated and field observations have hinted at the importance of collisional stresses as a driving mechanism. In this study, an unsaturated soil mechanics framework is used to characterize soil bed erosion by collisional flows. Experiments were conducted to model the erosion of unsaturated sandy beds with a wide range of initial matric suction values, which is a measure of capillary stresses, by gravel flows. Contrary to the existing literature, the rate of erosion does not increase linearly but demonstrates a parabola-like relationship with the bed water content because the shear strength of unsaturated soil is governed by capillary stresses. The importance of collisional stresses on soil bed erosion is demonstrated by a newly proposed dimensionless number. Findings indicate that existing erosion models largely underestimate channel bed erosion, especially for soil beds with low water content, and stress the importance of hydro-mechanical coupling to advance the current state of debris flow hazard delineation.

Automated summary

Climate change intensifies the threat of debris flows by increasing extreme rainfall events and snowmelt at high altitudes. An unsaturated soil mechanics framework reveals that erosion of soil beds by collisional flows is controlled by capillary stresses, with collisional stresses playing a key role in the process. Contrary to existing literature, erosion rates do not increase linearly with bed water content, highlighting the importance of hydro-mechanical coupling for accurate debris flow hazard assessment.