Journal
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.648031
Keywords
paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia; paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia; paroxysmal exercise induced dyskinesia; episodic ataxia; infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis syndrome; generalized epilepsy and paroxysmal dyskinesia
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Funding
- Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) [001]
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This review examines different types of paroxysmal movement disorders and their genetic etiologies related to epilepsy, emphasizing the importance of clinical phenotyping for diagnosis and genetic testing interpretation. It discusses insights on the pathophysiology of select disorders and shared treatment principles. The growing number of genes associated with movement disorders and epilepsy are likely to lead to more effective treatments in the future.
Paroxysmal movement disorders include paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, and episodic ataxias. In recent years, there has been renewed interest and recognition of these disorders and their intersection with epilepsy, at the molecular and pathophysiological levels. In this review, we discuss how these distinct phenotypes were constructed from a historical perspective and discuss how they are currently coalescing into established genetic etiologies with extensive pleiotropy, emphasizing clinical phenotyping important for diagnosis and for interpreting results from genetic testing. We discuss insights on the pathophysiology of select disorders and describe shared mechanisms that overlap treatment principles in some of these disorders. In the near future, it is likely that a growing number of genes will be described associating movement disorders and epilepsy, in parallel with improved understanding of disease mechanisms leading to more effective treatments.
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