Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Meenu Saini, Shalini Kalra, Jai K. Kaushik, Rani Gupta
Summary: Bacterial gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases (GGTs) exhibit differences in catalytic properties, with an extra sequence from genus Bacillus potentially playing a key role in autoprocessing and catalysis.
PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Eshita Sharma, Milan Kumar Lal, Arvind Gulati, Ashu Gulati
Summary: An extracellular gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) from Bacillus altitudinis IHB B1644 was purified using ion-exchange chromatography, and it was composed of two subunits of 40 and 22 kDa determined by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme showed optimal activity at pH 9 and 37 degrees C, and it was stable in a pH range of 5-10 and below 50 degrees C. The enzyme exhibited highest affinity for L-methionine and serine or threonine and tryptophan residues were found to be essential for its activity. The production of L-theanine was optimized by a one-variable-at-a-time approach with a conversion rate of 60-65%.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Review
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Snigdha Guha, Kaustav Majumder
Summary: This review discusses the food sources, synthesis modes, allosteric activation of CaSR for taste perception, and various biological functions of γ-glutamyl peptides, with a special emphasis on their role in modulating cardiovascular health by regulating chronic inflammation.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Akihiro Nakada, Takuma Maruyama, Mako Kamiya, Kenjiro Hanaoka, Yasuteru Urano
Summary: Intravenous administration of gGlu-HMRG can accurately stain deeply located tumors, making it a valuable technique in fluorescence-guided surgery of tumors.
BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yingchao Chen, Xueze Zhao, Tao Xiong, Jianjun Du, Wen Sun, Jiangli Fan, Xiaojun Peng
Summary: An activatable photosensitizer Cy-GGT was developed based on the overexpressed GGT enzyme in tumor cells, allowing for precise tumor imaging and efficient inhibition of tumor growth.
SCIENCE CHINA-CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Qian Li, Longteng Zhang, Rene Lametsch
Summary: The kokumi sensation of protein hydrolysates can be enhanced by gamma-glutamylation. Porcine hemoglobin hydrolysate was gamma-glutamylated using enzymes from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus licheniformis. Both enzymes showed high transpeptidase activity, with different temperature preferences. Adding glutamine was more efficient in producing target peptides.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jingxin Fu, Likang Lu, Manzhen Li, Yaoyao Guo, Meihua Han, Yifei Guo, Xiangtao Wang
Summary: A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system was developed for the targeted treatment of GGT-positive cervical cancer, which achieved good tumor accumulation and improved anti-tumor efficacy through GGT-triggered charge reversal.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Aleksandra Mitric, Immacolata Castellano
Summary: GGT is an enzyme located on the outer membrane of the cells and plays a key role in regulating glutathione metabolism. It is upregulated in inflammatory conditions and various human tumors, and is involved in physiological disorders related to oxidative stress. This review focuses on the structure and function of human GGT, and discusses its potential as a target for drugs to alleviate oxidative stress-related diseases. The development of new GGT inhibitors and their potential clinical use is also discussed. GGT is considered a potential moonlighting protein due to its pleiotropic activities and evolved functions.
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yohei Kondo, Yutaro Saito, Abdelazim Elsayed Elhelaly, Fuminori Hyodo, Tatsuya Nishihara, Marino Itoda, Hiroshi Nonaka, Masayuki Matsuo, Shinsuke Sando
Summary: Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is an emerging method for acquiring metabolic and physiological information in vivo. The development of a deuterated probe, gamma-Glu-[1-C-13]Gly-d(2), has been shown to extend the lifetime of hyperpolarized signals. By evaluating enzymatic conversion and magnetic properties, this study confirms the effectiveness of gamma-Glu-[1-C-13]Gly as a DNP NMR molecular probe for detecting GGT activity in serum.
Review
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Paul N. Brennan, John F. Dillon, Elliot B. Tapper
Summary: Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase plays important roles in antioxidant defense, xenobiotic metabolism, and prediction of mortality across various diseases. It is sensitive for diagnosing liver injury but lacks specificity, and has been widely used for monitoring and research purposes.
LIVER INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hui Wang, Xiaoting Zhang, Ping Li, Fang Huang, Tiancong Xiu, Hongtong Wang, Wei Zhang, Wen Zhang, Bo Tang
Summary: Atherosclerosis, a disease driven by lipoproteins, lacks effective therapy for reversal. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a noninvasive and reliable early detection approach to prevent plaque formation.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2023)
Article
Biophysics
Kai Wang, Xu-Yang Chen, Bo Zhang, Ying Yue, Xiao-Lin Wen, Yang Yang, Yu-Shun Yang, Hai-Liang Zhu, Hong-Ji Liu, Ai-Guo Zhang
Summary: In this study, Near-infrared imaging and medicinal treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were achieved using the KYZ-GGT probe, which allowed for monitoring the GGT level. The KYZ-GGT probe showed stable imaging capability in cellular, xenograft, and induced HCC models.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Zobida Islam, Shohei Yamamoto, Tetsuya Mizoue, Yusuke Oshiro, Natsumi Inamura, Takeshi Nemoto, Maki Konishi, Mitsuru Ozeki, Wataru Sugiura, Norio Ohmagari
Summary: Increased GGT levels are associated with lower humoral immune response after COVID-19 vaccination, but this association may be attributed to confounding factors such as sex, BMI, and alcohol consumption rather than GGT itself.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Fangyuan Zhou, Shikui Yang, Chao Zhao, Wangwang Liu, Xufeng Yao, Hui Yu, Xiaolian Sun, Yi Liu
Summary: A GGT-responsive near-infrared nanoassembly was developed for tumor-specific imaging and therapy, showing excellent responsiveness and therapeutic efficacy in tumor cells.
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Manman Chang, Jingyu Ma, Ying Sun, Maoyin Fu, Linlin Liu, Qi Chen, Zhaoliang Zhang, Chuankui Song, Jun Sun, Xiaochun Wan
Summary: As an important economic plant, tea (Camellia sinensis) has good economic value and significant health effects. The synthesis and degradation of theanine by the endophyte CsE7 play a crucial role in nitrogen storage and remobilization in tea plants. CsE7 tends to colonize mature tea leaves exposed to mild light, and it participates in the circulatory metabolism of glutamine, theanine, and glutamic acid (Gln-Thea-Glu), contributing to nitrogen remobilization. The positive effect of endophytes on tea plants in promoting leaf nitrogen remobilization, particularly through the reuse of theanine and glutamine, is reported for the first time.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
(2023)