Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Emilia Niemiec
Summary: A recent case of a flawed medical AI system, which was funded by public money, sheds light on the importance of government policies and regulations in the field of AI.
NATURE MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
(2023)
Article
Acoustics
Tiago A. Marques, Carolina S. Marques, Kalliopi C. Gkikopoulou
Summary: Passive acoustic density estimation uses detected acoustic cues to estimate animal abundance, and cue rate is important for converting cue density into animal density. For deep divers like beaked whales, the deep dive cycle has been used as a natural sampling unit for analysis and different approaches for estimating cue rate have been compared, showing potential biases.
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Guanglu Zhang, Ayush Raina, Jonathan Cagan, Christopher McComb
Summary: This research examines the impact of deep learning AI on distributed human design teams, finding that AI can boost the performance of low-performing teams to a certain extent, but may have negative effects on high-performing teams.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Evgeny Yakovlev, Alina Kudryavtseva, Aleksandr Orlov
Summary: Dating young peatlands using the Pb-210 dating procedure is challenging. In this study, the authors analyzed peat core samples from the Arkhangelsk region using the Monte Carlo method and IP-CRS model. They found that the IP-CRS model provided the closest age to the reference point, validating its accuracy. The results of the Pb-210 core dating were in agreement with the reference horizon, confirming the selected model's sufficiency.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Boyou Zhou, Anmol Gupta, Rasoul Jahanshahi, Manuel Egele, Ajay Joshi
Summary: The article revisits the literature on using hardware performance counters for malware detection, highlighting discrepancies and providing a retrospective of challenges for future research.
IEEE DESIGN & TEST
(2021)
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Peter Takacs, Pierrick Bourrat
Summary: This paper corrects the use of arithmetic mean for measuring fitness in the philosophical literature on fitness and suggests that geometric mean is a more appropriate measure. However, it also argues that arithmetic mean is still a reasonable measure in specific cases and can be a more general measure when properly interpreted.
BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY
(2022)
Article
Forestry
P. W. West, D. A. Ratkowsky
Summary: In a forest, the growth rate of an individual tree is mainly determined by its size and competition from neighboring trees, which can be symmetric or asymmetric. Existing models were unable to distinguish between tree size and competitive effects, thus preventing quantification of their contribution to tree growth rates. New approaches are needed to successfully quantify and model the effects of tree size and competitive processes on tree growth.
JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Michael A. Hart, Mark Fisher, Charles R. Randklev
Summary: Translocation is a debated method for conserving mussels, with this study showing that while it can be successful, sublethal effects and mortality may still be observed. The effects are linked to species-specific differences in coping with environmental change based on life-history traits, which are often overlooked in translocation efforts. Addressing these knowledge gaps is crucial for improving the efficacy of translocation.
AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
(2021)
Article
Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary
Nicole Gross
Summary: Large language models and generative AI like ChatGPT have had a significant impact on people's personal lives and work, with the potential for even greater influence in the future. However, these technologies also harbor gender biases that perpetuate stereotypes and disadvantage diverse genders. This paper argues that large language models perform in a way that reinforces old and non-inclusive understandings of gender, but also suggests that AI can be used to mitigate biases and promote gender equality.
SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Si-qing Yu, Tian-qi Xiong, Wei-dong Zhai
Summary: This study investigates the seasonal acidification in the South Yellow Sea (SYS) and finds that the acidification status of the cold water mass in summer and autumn is almost free from the potential impacts of weak water mixing and internal circulation. The Yellow Sea Warm Current only carries oceanic DIC into the SYS in winter and early spring.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Hyun Ho Yoon, Jin Cheul Kim, Dong-Geun Yoo, Chang-Pyo Jun, Gwang-Soo Lee, Seok-Hwi Hong, Han-Woo Choi
Summary: Three long marine cores from the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea were analyzed to determine their chronology. The accumulation rates in the cores showed good agreement with glacial and interglacial cycles, and the sediment input was influenced by different factors such as ocean currents and sea-level fluctuations. This study provides important information for understanding the stratigraphy of the Korean continental shelf environment from the middle Pleistocene to Holocene.
MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Geography, Physical
Haflidi Haflidason, Jo Brendryen, Reidun F. Eldegard, Jan Mangerud, Saedis Olafsdottir, Carl Regnell, John Inge Svendsen
Summary: Researchers in the Polar Ural Mountains in Russia have developed detailed age models covering the last similar to 24 k cal a BP based on radiocarbon dating, tephra horizon, varve counts and palaeomagnetism. They have identified a distinct inclination deviation named the Bolshoye Shchuchye Event that lasted over a period of 1245 years. The well-dated palaeomagnetic inclination graph offers new possibilities for correlating archives in the Arctic region for the last similar to 24 k cal a BP.
JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Alice M. Milner, Andy J. Baird, Sophie M. Green, Graeme T. Swindles, Dylan M. Young, Nicole K. Sanderson, Madeleine S. Timmins, Mariusz Galka
Summary: Peatlands are globally important ecosystems that can undergo spontaneous recovery from degradation, transitioning from erosion to renewed carbon accumulation. By using a palaeoecological approach, a study in North Wales revealed rapid carbon accumulation in new peat, different successional pathways in peat-forming vegetation, and hydrological changes promoting carbon accumulation and protecting old carbon. External factors only partially explain the results, with internal ecosystem processes playing a significant role in the switch to renewed carbon accumulation. This study suggests that the tipping point to renewed carbon accumulation in degraded peatlands involves changes in the physical landscape.
JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Alex Whittle, Robert L. Barnett, Dan J. Charman, Angela Gallego-Sala
Summary: The salinisation of coastal ecosystems is ongoing and expected to continue due to climate change effects. Despite the importance of soil microbes for ecosystem functioning, their response to increased salinity in coastal environments is not well understood. Our research demonstrates a decline in the productivity of a key microbial group with rising coastal salinity, indicating early warning signs of coastal salinisation and potential impacts on soil and ecosystem function.
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
J. Blewett, F. J. Elling, B. D. A. Naafs, L. Kattein, T. W. Evans, V Lauretano, A. Gallego-Sala, R. D. Pancost, A. Pearson
Summary: This study presents an in-depth analysis of the carbon isotopes of archaeal and bacterial tetraether lipids in the Florida Everglades wetland. The results provide insights into the carbon metabolism of the source organisms and the microbial carbon cycling in wetland sediments. The findings highlight the applicability of tetraether isotope analysis in studying modern and ancient wetland ecosystems.
GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Katherine A. Crichton, Karen Anderson, Dan J. Charman, Angela Gallego-Sala
Summary: Changes in plant cover and productivity play a crucial role in driving soil carbon dynamics and sequestration in Arctic peatlands. This study investigates the relationship between plant productivity and climate variability from 1985 to 2020, finding that temperature, precipitation, snow-melt timing, and water availability are linked to peak growing season vegetation index. The study also highlights the significance of autumn climate conditions on productivity in peat-dominated areas. Furthermore, it suggests that increased productivity in Arctic peatlands has the potential for increased soil carbon sequestration with future warming.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
T. Juselius, V Ravolainen, H. Zhang, S. Piilo, M. Muller, A. Gallego-Sala, M. Valiranta
Summary: Research shows that the formation of organic soils in Svalbard, Norway is closely related to climate, glacier retreat, and soil moisture. These organic soils have relatively recent initiation and are hotspots for carbon accumulation. However, the drying of soil surfaces may lead to carbon release. More paleoecological data is needed to understand the ongoing processes and estimate future trajectories in the Arctic.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Mariusz Galka, Klaus-Holger Knorr, Kazimierz Tobolski, Angela Gallego-Sala, Piotr Kolaczek, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Katarzyna Kajukalo-Drygalska, Katarzyna Marcisz
Summary: This study conducted paleoecological investigations in the peatland of the Bialowieza Forest Reserve, revealing the impact of past fire activity and recent decrease in human activity on the forest and peatland ecosystems. The findings indicate that even well-preserved peatlands might be far from their pristine state, but the studied area remains one of the best-preserved forest ecosystems in Europe.
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yannick Garcin, Enno Schefuss, Greta C. Dargie, Donna Hawthorne, Ian T. Lawson, David Sebag, George E. Biddulph, Bart Crezee, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, Y. Emmanuel Mampouya Wenina, Mackline Mbemba, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Ovide Emba, Pierre Bola, Joseph Kanyama Tabu, Genevieve Tyrrell, Dylan M. Young, Ghislain Gassier, Nicholas T. Girkin, Christopher H. Vane, Thierry Adatte, Andy J. Baird, Arnoud Boom, Pauline Gulliver, Paul J. Morris, Susan E. Page, Sofie Sjogersten, Simon L. Lewis
Summary: The forested swamps in the central Congo Basin store a significant amount of carbon in peat, and their vulnerability to climate change and carbon loss is examined in this study. Analyses of peat cores reveal a pattern of accumulation and decomposition, driven by climate shifts and changes in plant taxa. The results suggest that these peatlands may be near a threshold where increased droughts, potentially caused by human carbon emissions, could lead to significant carbon losses.
Article
Ecology
Jorge A. Ramirez, Nadav Peleg, Andy J. Baird, Dylan M. Young, Paul J. Morris, Marie Larocque, Michelle Garneau
Summary: DigiBog is modified to simulate peat accumulation in boreal peatlands and replicated peat accumulation at two high boreal latitude peatlands in Quebec, Canada. The model can replicate peat thickness and age-depth profiles, but not long-term fluctuations in water-table depths. Possible explanation for the underperformance is the stability in climatic drivers.
ECOLOGICAL MODELLING
(2023)
Article
Geography, Physical
Donna Hawthorne, Ian T. Lawson, Greta C. Dargie, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, Yannick Garcin, Enno Schefuss, William Hiles, Antonio Jonay Jovani-Sancho, Genevieve Tyrell, George E. Biddulph, Arnoud Boom, Brian M. Chase, Pauline Gulliver, Susan E. Page, Katherine H. Roucoux, Sofie Sjogersten, Dylan M. Young, Simon L. Lewis
Summary: The accumulation of peat began in the central Congo Basin 19,600 years ago, and the vegetation in the region has undergone continuous changes over time, with a strong response to changes in precipitation.
QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Selena Georgiou, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Bart Crezee, Greta C. Dargie, Dylan M. Young, Antonio J. Jovani-Sancho, Benjamin Kitambo, Fabrice Papa, Yannick E. Bocko, Pierre Bola, Dafydd E. Crabtree, Ovide B. Emba, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Nicholas T. Girkin, Suspense A. Ifo, Joseph T. Kanyama, Yeto Emmanuel Wenina Mampouya, Mackline Mbemba, Jean-Bosco N. Ndjango, Paul. I. Palmer, Sofie Sjogersten, Simon L. Lewis
Summary: The Cuvette Centrale in the central Congo Basin is the largest tropical peatland complex. By using satellite data, we can estimate the spatial and temporal variations in water levels of the Cuvette Centrale, quantify the relationship between water levels and greenhouse gas emissions, and provide a baseline for observing deviations caused by climate or land-use change. Our results show that spatial and temporal changes in water levels can be successfully mapped over tropical peatlands using net water input patterns and L-band SAR data.
Article
Environmental Studies
Simone Martino, Jasper O. Kenter, Nora Albers, Mark J. Whittingham, Dylan M. Young, James W. Pearce-Higgins, Julia Martin-Ortega, Klaus Glenk, Mark S. Reed
Summary: The paper examines the importance of recreation in peatlands and the trade-offs between natural properties and recreational infrastructure. The study finds that different types of recreationists have varying landscape preferences, highlighting potential value conflicts. These conflicts need to be considered in net zero climate mitigation strategies.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Mark S. Reed, Dylan M. Young, Nigel G. Taylor, Roxane Andersen, Nicholle G. A. Bell, Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz, Matthew Grainger, Andreas Heinemeyer, Kristell Hergoualc'h, Adam M. Gerrand, Johannes Kieft, Haruni Krisnawati, Erik A. Lilleskov, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Lulie Melling, Hannah Rudman, Sophie Sjogersten, Jonathan S. Walker, Gavin Stewart
Summary: Lack of data consistency among multiple studies hampers decision-making in policy and practice regarding the conservation and restoration of peatlands. This study proposes a methodological framework and discusses subsequent steps to standardize the measurement and reporting of outcomes in peatland research. These efforts contribute to the creation of reliable datasets that inform evidence-based policy and contribute to the sustainable management of globally significant carbon stores.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Julie Loisel, Angela Gallego-Sala
Summary: The degradation of peatlands contributes significantly to global carbon dioxide emissions, making the restoration of disturbed and degraded peatlands crucial for climate change mitigation. However, the resilience of restored peatlands to climate change and disturbances is not well-understood. While restoration efforts can achieve net carbon sequestration, the restoration of biodiversity, hydrological regime, and peat soil structure may not be fully achieved, potentially compromising ecosystem resilience to future disturbances.
COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, Angela Gallego-Sala, Noah D. Smith, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Dan J. Charman, Julia Drewer, Colin W. Edgar, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Yao Gao, Mahdi Nakhavali, Wlodzimierz Pawlak, Edward A. G. Schuur, Sebastian Westermann
Summary: Peatlands have been often neglected in Earth system models (ESMs) due to the inability to capture the continuous spectrum of soil types and their dynamic nature. In this study, a new model scheme is proposed to integrate soil organic matter accumulation and peatland processes, and to track soil carbon age. The new scheme demonstrates the potential for peatlands to rewet themselves following drainage and maintain stability in the model. The evaluation results show that the new model produces realistic profiles of soil organic carbon for peatlands.
GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Chunjing Qiu, Philippe Ciais, Dan Zhu, Bertrand Guenet, Jinfeng Chang, Nitin Chaudhary, Thomas Kleinen, XinYu Li, Jurek Muller, Yi Xi, Wenxin Zhang, Ashley Ballantyne, Simon C. Brewer, Victor Brovkin, Dan J. Charman, Adrian Gustafson, Angela Gallego-Sala, Thomas Gasser, Joseph Holden, Fortunat Joos, Min Jung Kwon, Ronny Lauerwald, Paul A. Miller, Shushi Peng, Susan Page, Benjamin Smith, Benjamin D. Stocker, A. Britta K. Sannel, Elodie Salmon, Guy Schurgers, Narasinha J. Shurpali, David Warlind, Sebastian Westermann
Summary: Northern peatlands are at risk from climate warming and soil drying, which could result in increased CO2 emissions and methane release. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the potential carbon losses from northern peatlands in future warming scenarios.