Dl-butylphthalide inhibits rotenone-induced oxidative stress in microglia via regulation of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Activated microglia are a source of superoxide which often increases oxidative stress in the brain microenvironment, increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and directly or indirectly lead to dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra. Thus superoxide contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Evidence suggests that mitochondria are the main source of ROS, which cause oxidative stress in cells. Levels of ROS are thus associated with the function of the mitochondrial complex. Therefore, protecting the mitochondrial function of microglia is important for the treatment of PD. Dl-butylphthalide (NBP), a compound isolated from Chinese celery seeds, has been approved by the China Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Recently, NBP demonstrated therapeutic potential for PD. However, the mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of NBP on rotenone-induced oxidative stress in microglia and its underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that NBP treatment significantly increased mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased ROS level in rotenone-induced microglia. Western blot analysis showed that NBP treatment promoted entry of nuclear respiratory factor-2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus, increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and decreased the level of the Nrf2 inhibitory protein, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1. Overall, the findings indicated that NBP inhibited rotenone-induced microglial oxidative stress via the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, suggesting that NBP may serve as a novel agent for the treatment of PD.

Automated summary

Activated microglia produce superoxide that increases oxidative stress in the brain microenvironment, contributing to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS, and levels of ROS are associated with mitochondrial complex function. NBP inhibits rotenone-induced microglial oxidative stress via the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.