Article
Thermodynamics
Kai Tang, Yanpei Huang, Guiping Lin, Yuandong Guo, Jinyin Huang, Haimiao Lin, Hongxing Zhang, Qi Yang, Jianyin Miao
Summary: This study designed and fabricated a manifold microchannel heat sink to enhance the heat dissipation capability of high-heat-flux hotspots. Ammonia with excellent thermophysical properties was selected as the working fluid, and its thermal-hydraulic characteristics were evaluated. The effects of flow rate, heat flux, saturation temperature, and inlet conditions on the heat sink were investigated through experiments. The results showed that under high-subcooled inlet conditions, the thermal resistance decreased and pressure drop increased with increasing flow rate. Under near-saturated inlet conditions, jet impingement and microchannel cooling were identified as the dominant heat transfer mechanisms.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jian Song, Fei Liu, Yi Sui, Dalei Jing
Summary: This study numerically investigates the hydraulic and thermal performances of trapezoidal microchannel heat sinks, revealing that pressure drop increases with decreasing small-to-large end width ratio. Only TMCHS configurations with PCPFLI and RCCFLI show improved thermal performances as the ratio decreases, with lower thermal resistance and more uniform temperature distribution. The TMCHS with RCCFLI configuration exhibits the best overall thermal performance among the six configurations studied.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Anurag Maheswari, Yogesh K. Prajapati
Summary: In the present study, a three-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the thermohydraulic performance of a novel design of double-layer microchannel heat sinks. The modified heat sink with an intermediate rectangular fin and different hole shapes significantly enhanced the heat transfer rate by approximately 45-60% compared to the conventional design. However, higher pressure drops were observed due to flow restrictions. Among all the cases considered, heat sinks with circular and triangular holes showed superior thermal performance with a marginal difference of approximately 2-5%. The improved heat transfer rate in the modified heat sink was attributed to better fluid mixing and thinner boundary layers facilitated by the fins with holes. Optimization analysis identified a heat sink with a hole radius of 0.286 mm and 15 holes as the superior configuration, achieving a maximum heat transfer rate approximately 51-64% higher than the conventional design.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yiwei Gao, Junchao Wang, Mingxuan Cao, Luhao Zang, Hao Liu, Matthew M. F. Yuen, Xiaolei Bai, Ying Wang
Summary: This study investigates the influence of geometric parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a double-layer U-shape microchannel heat sink for a high-power diode laser. The results show that the aspect ratio and the number of channels have significant effects on the temperature distribution, pressure drop, and thermal resistance of the heat sink.
Article
Thermodynamics
Qi Jin, John T. Wen, Shankar Narayan
Summary: This study analyzes the effect of using an oscillatory valve opening on the flow distribution and channel temperatures across a two-channel evaporator. Experiments and prediction models indicate that a specific range of valve oscillation amplitude and frequency may cause synchronization resulting in balancing the flow distribution and temperature.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yusi Tian, Yonggang Jiao, Fei Han, Zuo Cheng, Jian Li
Summary: In this paper, the structure of the interrupted microchannel is improved by numerical simulation, and the two-phase characteristics of the new microchannel are quantified using gas-liquid flow ratios, relative standard deviations, and pressure drop fluctuations. The simulation results show that the widening design of the two side branches offsets the effect of inertia force and balances the flow resistance in the downstream branches. The gas flow relative standard deviation of the interrupted microchannel is significantly lower than that of the traditional microchannel at high void fraction.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yanhong Sun, Ao Huang, Jinli Lu, Yuyan Jiang
Summary: This study experimentally investigated the heat transfer characteristics and dynamic flow boiling instabilities of ethanol in a rectangular microchannel. The results showed that the inhibition of bubble nucleation caused by large bubbles in the confined space led to a deterioration in heat transfer performance. Higher mass flux resulted in more effective bubble nucleation and better heat transfer. The triggering of flow boiling instability in the microchannel was strongly dependent on quasi-periodical flow phenomenon and multiphase alternation. The thermophysical properties of the working liquid significantly affected the fluctuation amplitude.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Chinmaya Kumar Patra, Anandaroop Bhattacharya, Prasanta Kumar Das
Summary: A one-dimensional flow-boiling model is developed to study the pressure drop and heat transfer mechanism in a microchannel of rectangular cross-section under slug-flow regime. The model considers different stages of bubble growth and the periodic passage of different zones to evaluate the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. The results show that the channel dimension, flow velocity, heat flux, and working fluid properties have significant effects on the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Huanling Liu, Ying Yao, Gongnan Xie, Zhongliang Xie
Summary: Two heat sink designs, the enhanced design and the staggered double P-type design, were proposed for better thermal management performance. Numerical studies and experimental verification were conducted to investigate their cooling capabilities. The results showed that optimizing the layout could effectively improve heat transfer performance, with the staggered double P-type design exhibiting the best heat dissipation ability among the three heat sinks.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Han Shen, Gongnan Xie, Chi-Chuan Wang, Huanling Liu
Summary: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of using deflectors to enhance the thermal characteristics of double-layer microchannel heat sinks through numerical simulations and experimental verifications. The results show that using deflectors can significantly reduce the substrate temperature and improve heat transfer efficiency.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Tao Zhou, Bingchao Chen, Huanling Liu
Summary: This article discusses the use of topology optimization to design heat exchangers, proposing a novel design with three inlets and one outlet. The impact of channel depth on heat exchanger design, as well as the flow and heat transfer performance of the heat exchangers, are also studied. Results show that topology optimization can significantly improve heat transfer performance compared to traditional design methods.
Article
Thermodynamics
Chinmaya Kumar Patra, Anandaroop Bhattacharya, Prasanta Kumar Das
Summary: A 1-D transient model is developed to study the flow boiling in a rectangular microchannel and its effects on pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics, with a focus on nucleation frequency and compressible buffer volume.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jiaojiao Zhuang, Hao Yu, He Tianbiao, Mao Ning
Summary: This study experimentally investigates the flow characteristics, including pressure drop and flow pattern, in a microchannel when the heat flux suddenly increases. It is found that adjusting the mass flux and inlet temperature can reduce the intensity of pressure drop fluctuations, and a higher heat flux increase leads to a more rapid bubble generation and phase change phenomenon.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Juncheng Qiu, Jianhong Zhou, Qi Zhao, Hanshi Qin, Xuemei Chen
Summary: Researchers introduced biomimetic microchannels inspired by cobweb structures for enhancing flow boiling heat transfer performance. The cobweb-shaped microchannels demonstrated improved heat transfer coefficient and lower wall temperature due to flow disturbance and increased heat transfer area. Among them, the cobweb-shaped microchannels with horizontal inlet and outlet showed the best heat transfer performance and most stable flow boiling behavior particularly at high heat flux.
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Chaowei Chen, Xinyu Wang, Baoqiang Yuan, Wenjing Du, Gongming Xin
Summary: This study investigates the flow and heat transfer characteristics of microchannels with different manifold structures through numerical simulation and finds that manifold optimization can improve the fluid distribution, reduce pressure loss, thermal resistance, and temperature difference in the microchannels. The parabolic-type manifold provides the best comprehensive performance, and achieving uniform fluid distribution in the microchannels can be realized by controlling the converging rate of the manifold.
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Kamal Tewari, Saroj K. Mishra, Popat Salunke, Anupam Dewan
Summary: Antarctica's climate models have large inter-modal variability, but by selecting well-performing models, future precipitation and temperature can be projected and the contribution of precipitation to sea-levels can be assessed. In future projections, Antarctica is expected to experience surface warming of approximately 5.1℃-5.3℃ and precipitation increase of approximately 44%-50%.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Correction
Energy & Fuels
Nitesh Kumar Sahu, Mayank Kumar, Anupam Dewan
JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tej Pratap Singh, Anupam Dewan
Summary: This article investigates the use of a wavy surface to enhance heat transfer rate. Different turbulence models are used, and it is found that the RNG k-e model achieves a heat transfer enhancement of 55.94%, while the YS model fails to accurately predict flow separation as the amplitude of the wavy surface increases.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Kamal Tewari, Saroj Kanta Mishra, Popat Salunke, Hisashi Ozawa, Anupam Dewan
Summary: This study investigates the potential effects of future Antarctic sea-ice loss on the climate system and its underlying mechanism using coupled model simulations. The findings suggest that the projected sea-ice loss will lead to localized and global surface warming, increased precipitation and cloud cover around Antarctica's coastal periphery, significant changes in atmospheric circulation, and a reduction in poleward energy transport. The study also highlights the strong pole-to-pole connections in the climate system through atmospheric and oceanic circulations.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Nitin Kumar, Partho Mukherjee, Vamsi Krishna Chalamalla, Anupam Dewan, Sridhar Balasubramanian
Summary: This study presents a computational investigation of the dynamics of a forced plume released in a linearly stratified medium. The results show that the validated model accurately predicts the mean flow parameters and turbulence parameters, and reveals the characteristics and energetics of the forced plume. The findings indicate that the maximum height reached by the plume decreases with increasing N-infinity values.
COMPUTERS & FLUIDS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tej Pratap Singh, Anupam Dewan
Summary: This study computationally investigates the behavior of a turbulent dual jet flowing over a sinusoidal wavy surface. Experimental validation shows that heat transfer is enhanced by 34.56% for an amplitude of 0.8. A correlation is also established between the amplitude and the average Nusselt number, as well as the maximum pressure.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Abhilash K. K. Tilak, Ranjit S. S. Patil, Anupam Dewan
Summary: This study examines the performance of a novel Inverted T-shaped with Semi-Circular Ends at Base (ITSCEB) microchannel heat sink compared to a conventionally favored rectangular MCHS. The results show that the ITSCEB MCHS has enhanced heat transfer and reduced thermal resistance and conjugate effects, indicating its superiority over the rectangular shape. A new empirical correlation is proposed for predicting the Nusselt number for MCHS with different shapes.
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Anupam Dewan, Ashok Kumar Bishnoi, Tej Pratap Singh, Shivam Singh Tomar
Summary: Wind energy is an important source of renewable energy, and the Savonius type vertical axis wind turbine is advantageous in small-scale power production and low wind speed regions. However, the efficiency of the Savonius rotor is low due to the generation of negative torque on the returning blade. To improve its performance, the parameters of the Savonius rotor need to be optimized.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Sartaj Tanweer, Anupam Dewan, Sanjeev Sanghi
Summary: The dynamics of three-dimensional flow past a rectangular cylinder near a moving wall is studied in this research using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). The study reveals the existence of spatially localized energetic coherent structures and single frequency oscillatory structures for different aspect ratios. Energy distribution among different velocity modes varies with the spanwise direction. The streamwise wave speed of the dominant POD mode first increases and then decreases with an increase in aspect ratio.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Tej Pratap Singh, Anupam Dewan
Summary: This paper computationally studies the thermal characteristics and aerodynamic behaviors of an unsteady flow for a turbulent wall-bounded dual jet. The analysis of the thermal characteristics of such flows, as a function of independent parameters like Reynolds number, is important. The study investigates the capabilities of different Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence modeling approaches in predicting the thermal performance of a turbulent dual jet. The results provide valuable insights for improving heat transfer in various engineering and industrial applications, such as electronics cooling systems.
ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL-JESTECH
(2022)
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Gaurav Dogra, Anupam Dewan, Sandeep Sahany
Summary: Cloud formation is explained based on the principle of atmospheric convection, involving vertical transport of heat and moisture into unstable environment. However, convective transfer in Bay of Bengal is not explored due to coarser grid resolutions in climate models. This study attempts to understand convection phenomenon over BoB using high-resolution cloud-resolving large eddy simulation. The simulation successfully captures cloud formation, convection, and turbulence in the region, and verifies cloud characteristics through conditional averaging.
Article
Thermodynamics
Anuj Kumar Shukla, Anupam Dewan, Deepak Kumar Singh, Tej Pratap Singh
Summary: The present study investigates the flow and heat transfer features of jet impingement on a surface fitted with detached ribs at Re = 20,000 using OpenFOAM 4.1 based large eddy simulation (LES). The study reveals that augmentations in the velocity and turbulence are directly linked to the local heat transfer enhancement in the clearance between the ribs and heated plate.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Nitesh Kumar Sahu, Anupam Dewan, Mayank Kumar
Summary: A computational model was developed to simulate a pressurized gas-fired environment in a tangentially-fired reactor. The model was used to determine the operating conditions at which the central recirculation zone (CRZ) forms, which enhances flame stability. Parameters such as injection configuration, reactor pressure, heat of combustion, and mass throughput were found to influence CRZ formation. Two commonly used swirl number (SN) definitions were unable to capture this influence, so a new criterion (SM) was proposed, with a critical value between 0.60 and 0.68 for CRZ formation.
THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tej Pratap Singh, Anupam Dewan, Anuj Kumar Shukla
Summary: The thermal and turbulence characteristics of a turbulent dual jet were investigated using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The study found that compared to the wall jet and parallel flowing offset jet, the mean temperature profile of the dual jet showed a higher inflection point and efficient thermal transmission in the low-pressure area.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Anupam Dewan, Shivam Singh Tomar, Ashok Kumar Bishnoi, Tej Pratap Singh
Summary: This article provides a review of various turbulence models and computational approaches used in CFD studies on Savonius turbines, along with key findings and future directions.
Article
Thermodynamics
Yunxia Ma, Fei Liu, Honggang Pan, Hongjian Zhang, Shuxia Yan, Ailing Zhang
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamically tunable and switchable perfect infrared absorber that exhibits excellent electrical regulation performance and high absorptance. The absorption mechanism is explained using a multiple interference model, and it is proven to be polarization insensitive.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
F. J. dos Santos, G. S. M. Martins, M. Strobel, L. Beckedorff, K. V. de Paiva, J. L. G. Oliveira
Summary: This study investigates the effects of inlet conditions and plate's features on the thermal-flow performance of a gasket plate heat exchanger (GPHE) and assesses the impact of a modified tightening distance on its performance. No systematic study on the combined effects of inlet conditions and assembly accuracy on GPHE performance has been conducted before.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Alok K. Ray, Dibakar Rakshit, K. Ravi Kumar, Hal Gurgenci
Summary: The low thermal conductivity of phase change materials limits the heat transfer rate and application of latent heat storage systems. This numerical study examines the impact of two passive heat transfer enhancement techniques on the thermal performance of a latent heat storage system. The results show that the orientation and position of the heat transfer fluid tube have significant effects on the charging duration, while the discharging duration remains unchanged. The combined effect of orientation and eccentricity reduces the charging duration, but increases the discharging duration compared to the concentric domain.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yalu Han, Yanlong Wang, Chenyang Liu, Xinmin Hu, Yin An, Zhengcai Li, Jiaxun Jiang, Lizhi Du
Summary: This paper investigates the calculation method of thermal conductivity in NAPLs-contaminated soils. By establishing NAPLs-contaminated soil models and using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for calculation, an optimized three-dimensional model with high computational accuracy and efficiency is obtained. The study also finds that saturation and Nz parameters have a significant impact on calculation time, while the thermal conductivity of the two-dimensional model is more sensitive to anisotropy. The influence of porosity and NAPLs content on thermal conductivity should be considered during in-situ thermal desorption.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mostafa Taha, Song Zhao, Aymeric Lamorlette, Jean-Louis Consalvi, Pierre Boivin
Summary: For the first time, large-eddy simulations (LES) of the near-field region of large-scale fire plumes were performed using a pressure-based Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with low-Mach number approximation. The simulations showed quantitative agreement with experimental data and were consistent with previously-published numerical studies. The study demonstrated the computational efficiency of the proposed LBM solver in tackling fire-induced flows, suggesting LBMs as a good alternative candidate for modeling fire-related problems.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Weixin Zhang, Yehang Xie, Yuqiang Ding, Zhao Liu, Zhenping Feng
Summary: This study investigated the impact of upstream slot leakage on the endwall film cooling characteristics of turbine blades. Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technology was used to measure the film cooling characteristics, and numerical analysis was conducted to evaluate the aerodynamic performance. It was found that increasing the mass flow ratio of the upstream slot enhanced film cooling, decreased aerodynamic losses, and reduced the strength of passage vortex. However, reducing the distance between the slot and the blade leading edge only enhanced film cooling without affecting the leakage coverage area.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Rui Zhang, Zhen-lei Li, Yan-sheng Zhang, Dong Chen, Guo Yuan
Summary: This study discusses the heat transfer behavior of different jet forms on steel tubes. The results show that the annular jet performs better in terms of cooling intensity and uniformity. The cooling performances of the two jet forms are similar when the steel tube size is small. Therefore, the planar jet can be considered for smaller diameters due to its simplicity, low cost, and convenience in application.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
A. R. Khoei, A. M. Orvati Movaffagh, A. Rezaei Sameti
Summary: This paper presents a comprehensive study on the thermo-mechanical characteristics of oxide-coated aluminum nano-powder. It is found that the thermal conductivity of oxide-coated aluminum nano-powder is significantly lower than that of the bulk aluminum, and it is affected by the density and temperature.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yanjin Wang, Jintao Xiong, Lingyu Chen, Zhihai Lv, Qian Wang
Summary: A solar radiation transfer model for spray cooling double skin facade (SC-DSF) is proposed in this study. The model is validated by experimental results and various influence factors are analyzed. The effectiveness of adjusting droplet coverage rate and size is also evaluated.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Bostjan Zajec, Blaz Mikuz, Anil Kumar Basavaraj, Marko Matkovic, Matej Tekavcic, Martin Draksler, Leon Cizelj, Bostjan Koncar
Summary: We have developed an advanced experimental setup to investigate flow and heat transfer in an annular channel. The setup allows heat transfer measurements and flow visualization using a temperature-controlled inner tube. Measurements can be conducted in both single-phase and two-phase flow regimes. The setup ensures a uniform velocity field in the annular channel using specially designed inlet and outlet headers. The inner copper tube is heated by water and contains turbulators for enhanced heat transfer and thermocouples for temperature measurement. A three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer CFD model has been developed and validated to accurately estimate heat losses in the setup. This study demonstrates the importance of numerical simulations in improving the interpretation of complex experimental results.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Weijie Chen, Ke Wang, Yongqing Wang, Shantung Tu, Zunchao Liu, Huijuan Su
Summary: In this study, a novel gradient porosity transpiration cooling plate structure (GP-TCPS) is proposed to alleviate heat transfer deterioration caused by non-uniform temperature distribution in transpiration cooling plate structure (TCPS). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and response surface method (RSM) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the flow and heat transfer of GP-TCPS. The optimized structure of GP-TCPS significantly improves temperature uniformity, injection pressure, and average cooling efficiency compared to traditional TCPS.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
R. Essam, A. Elsaid, W. K. Zahra
Summary: This study presents a novel bioheat model for simulating heat transfer in skin tissue. The model offers an improved representation of thermal dynamics in the skin and has been validated using numerical solutions and experimental measurements. The study highlights the importance of incorporating vascular inlet parameters and thermal relaxation effects in the thermal profile, and suggests potential applications in thermal therapy and wound healing.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Dongbo Shi, Tao Xu, Zifeng Chen, Di Zhang, Yonghui Xie
Summary: The cooling structure design of turbine blades is crucial for the safety and reliability of the gas turbine set. This research investigates different arrangement schemes, including dimple/protrusion arrangements, to enhance the cooling performance. The results show that the arrangement scheme with both passes arranged by dimples has the best comprehensive thermal performance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Emrehan Guersoy, Hayati Kadir Pazarlioglu, Mehmet Guerdal, Engin Gedik, Kamil Arslan
Summary: The thermo-hydraulic performance of Al2O3/H2O nanofluid with different nanoparticle shapes flowing in a sudden expansion tube with variable sudden expansion inclination angles and elliptical dimpled fins with different diameters were numerically investigated. The results showed that the nanoparticle shapes, sudden expansion inclination angles, and elliptical dimpled fin have significant impact on the thermo-hydraulic performance. This study reveals the novelty and importance of these factors in the research.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Rukun Hu, Xinyu Huang, Xinyu Gao, Liu Lu, Xiaohu Yang, Bengt Sund
Summary: This study examines the impact of applying bottom cross-cut on PCM's spatial distribution in a horizontal LHTES unit using numerical simulation. The findings show that bottom cross-cut can improve the heat storage rate and natural convection heat transfer gain.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
