Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL
Volume 68, Issue 5, Pages 1496-1510Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2020.3036580
Keywords
Ultrasonic imaging; Acoustics; Electric shock; Lesions; Sonar equipment; Transducers; Spirals; Boiling histotripsy (BH); high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU); nonlinear waves; shock front; tight packing non-periodic phased array; Westervelt equation
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [R01EB007643, R01EB025187, PO1 DK043881]
- Russian Science Foundation [19-12-00148]
- Russian Science Foundation [19-12-00148] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
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Boiling histotripsy (BH) utilizes high-amplitude ultrasound pulses to mechanically fractionate tissue, with the potential for real-time lesion monitoring. A preclinical BH system was built with a custom phased array and electronic focusing capabilities, delivering controlled BH exposures in abdominal organs. The system demonstrated high acoustic power and shock formation, enabling uniform BH exposures across the treatment volume.
Boiling histotripsy (BH) uses millisecond-long ultrasound (US) pulses with high-amplitude shocks to mechanically fractionate tissue with potential for real-time lesion monitoring by US imaging. For BH treatments of abdominal organs, a high-power multielement phased array system capable of electronic focus steering and aberration correction for body wall inhomogeneities is needed. In this work, a preclinical BH system was built comprising a custom 256-element 1.5-MHz phased array (Imasonic, Besancon, France) with a central opening for mounting an imaging probe. The array was electronically matched to a Verasonics research US system with a 1.2-kW external power source. Driving electronics and software of the system were modified to provide a pulse average acoustic power of 2.2 kW sustained for 10 ms with a 1-2-Hz repetition rate for delivering BH exposures. System performance was characterized by hydrophone measurements in water combined with nonlinear wave simulations based on the Westervelt equation. Fully developed shocks of 100-MPa amplitude are formed at the focus at 275-W acoustic power. Electronic steering capabilities of the array were evaluated for shock-producing conditions to determine power compensation strategies that equalize BH exposures at multiple focal locations across the planned treatment volume. The system was used to produce continuous volumetric BH lesions in ex vivo bovine liver with 1-mm focus spacing, 10-ms pulselength, five pulses/focus, and 1% duty cycle.
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