Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Lesleis Nagy, Wyn Williams, Lisa Tauxe
Summary: The study discusses the impact of cooling rate on the magnetization of rocks and the behavior of uniaxial single-domain grains under different temperatures and magnetic fields. It revisits the issue of thermal remanence acquisition, comparing predictions with previous studies. Additionally, it finds that cooling rate corrections using their model align with previous findings, but can be slightly reduced for larger grains and slow cooling rates.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Editorial Material
Geochemistry & Geophysics
S. Alwmark
Summary: Impact cratering can lead to extreme physical conditions and the formation of unique features in rocks. A new study shows that melt veins can form at relatively low pressures due to shear deformation. These findings have implications for our understanding of shock metamorphism in terrestrial impact structures and the shock histories of meteorite parent bodies.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Z. Pastore, P. Lelievre, S. A. McEnroe, N. S. Church
Summary: Scanning Magnetic Microscopy (SMM) is an important magnetometry technique that helps us understand the origin of rock behavior. In this study, 3D magnetic vector inversion was used to quantify the remanent magnetization in a norite sample and it was found that the main source of magnetization is pyroxenes.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Edouard G. H. Philippe, Jean-Pierre Valet, Guillaume St-Onge, Ramon Egli
Summary: There is a logarithmic relationship between the thickness of rapidly deposited layers and the amplitude of inclination changes and magnetic grain sizes. In addition, inclination and magnetic grain sizes are correlated to each other following a logarithmic law, and these factors influence the acquisition of natural remanent magnetization.
FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
S. S. Aplesnin, L. V. Udod, M. N. Sitnikov, D. A. Velikanov, M. N. Molokeev, O. B. Romanova, A. V. Shabanov
Summary: A new bismuth pyrostannate-based composite has been synthesized, showing high magnetic hysteresis and remanent magnetization. The temperature dependence of magnetic properties in the antiferromagnet and the mechanism of remanent polarization have been established. The presence of oxygen vacancies in the bismuth pyrostannate matrix has been found to significantly increase the remanent magnetization.
JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Xin Tang, Jiawei Lai, H. Sepehri-Amin, T. Ohkubo, K. Hono
Summary: The study found that Pr-Fe-B and (Pr0.75Ce0.25)-Fe-B based hot-deformed magnets exhibit high magnetic performance at low temperatures, including large remanence and high coercivity, making them suitable as low-cost permanent magnet materials for cryogenic applications.
SCRIPTA MATERIALIA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
S. Gudoshnikov, G. Danilov, E. Gorelikov, Yu. Grebenshchikov, V. Odintsov, S. Venediktov
Summary: A scanning magnetometer based on a giant magnetoimpedance sensor was used to study the magnetic properties of toner material from a black-and-white laser printer. The concentration of magnetic nanoparticles in the toner samples was found to be approximately 6μg/mm(2).
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Fan Bai, Liao Chang, Thomas A. Berndt, Zhaowen Pei
Summary: IRM curves are widely used in rock and environmental magnetic studies to characterize magnetic properties. Magnetostatic interactions can strongly affect IRM behavior. Modeling shows that interactions can overshadow grain morphologies effects on IRM curves. Micromagnetic simulations provide insights into complex magnetic mineral components characterization.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
(2021)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Z. Pastore, S. A. McEnroe, N. S. Church, H. Oda
Summary: Distinct crustal remanent magnetic anomalies are a strong indicator of rocks with stable natural remanent magnetization carriers. High-resolution magnetometric scanning techniques can map magnetic sources at the mineral scale, identify different magnetic carriers, and analyze their magnetic response. Magnetic modeling results show consistent magnetization direction before and after demagnetization, with a decrease in magnetization intensity of approximately 30%.
GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS
(2021)
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Gordon R. Osinski, Richard A. F. Grieve, Ludovic Ferriere, Ania Losiak, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Aaron J. Cavosie, Shannon M. Hibbard, Patrick J. A. Hill, Juan Jaimes Bermudez, Cassandra L. Marion, Jennifer D. Newman, Sarah L. Simpson
Summary: It has become increasingly clear that interplanetary impacts are one of the most common and important geological processes in the Solar System. The Impact Earth Database provides a comprehensive resource for studying impact craters and the cratering process.
EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Joana M. Dias, Claudia Cruz, Helena Sant'Ovaia, Fernando Noronha
Summary: This study conducted an in-depth investigation into the mineral composition of the Manteigas granodiorite and found that small magnetite grains in areas with low magnetic susceptibility were transformed into hematite, indicating a redox reaction. It also discovered a high concentration of magnetite in areas with high magnetic susceptibility. This suggests that the Manteigas granodiorite has a deep magma origin and formed under oxidizing conditions.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Gunther Kletetschka, Radana Kavkova, Hakan Ucar
Summary: The study uncovered a new magnetic mechanism for detecting plasma during impact processes and revealed changes in magnetization in rocks exposed to shockwaves. The research sheds light on how impact processes can reduce magnetic paleointensity and suggests using magnetization reduction as a new proxy for studying impact sites.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Zhaowen Pei, Thomas A. Berndt, Liao Chang, Fan Bai, Wyn Williams, Greig A. Paterson
Summary: Magnetosome chains produced by magnetotactic bacteria are important for paleoenvironmental and paleomagnetic records, but the in situ structures of these chains in sediments are not known. This study used micromagnetic simulations to quantify the changes in magnetic signals in response to chain deformation. The results showed that bending/collapse leads to a reduction in coercivity and a transition in domain state of the chain. These findings suggest that hysteresis parameters can be used to assess the degree of chain bending/collapse in magnetofossil-rich sediments, and that deformed magnetosome chains in ancient geological materials retain faithful paleomagnetic records.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Claudio Robustelli Test, Elena Zanella
Summary: This study utilizes a combined statistical and magnetic approach to separate the contribution of different petrofabrics in the magnetic signature, providing insights into the heterogeneities in intraplate shear zones. Through analyzing variations in magnetic properties, the study reveals a strong dependency on distance from thrust faults and strain localization within the shear zone, as well as different responses of ferromagnetic minerals to shearing.
GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS
(2021)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Alessandro Ghirotto, Andrea Zunino, Egidio Armadillo, Klaus Mosegaard
Summary: Research shows that the magnetic anomaly calculation formulas proposed by Kravchinsky et al. are equivalent to the methods of Talwani and Heirtzler, and have been validated in random magnetic scenarios.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
S. Tachibana, H. Sawada, R. Okazaki, Y. Takano, K. Sakamoto, Y. N. Miura, C. Okamoto, H. Yano, S. Yamanouchi, P. Michel, Y. Zhang, S. Schwartz, F. Thuillet, H. Yurimoto, T. Nakamura, T. Noguchi, H. Yabuta, H. Naraoka, A. Tsuchiyama, N. Imae, K. Kurosawa, A. M. Nakamura, K. Ogawa, S. Sugita, T. Morota, R. Honda, S. Kameda, E. Tatsumi, Y. Cho, K. Yoshioka, Y. Yokota, M. Hayakawa, M. Matsuoka, N. Sakatani, M. Yamada, T. Kouyama, H. Suzuki, C. Honda, T. Yoshimitsu, T. Kubota, H. Demura, T. Yada, M. Nishimura, K. Yogata, A. Nakato, M. Yoshitake, A. Suzuki, S. Furuya, K. Hatakeda, A. Miyazaki, K. Kumagai, T. Okada, M. Abe, T. Usui, T. R. Ireland, M. Fujimoto, T. Yamada, M. Arakawa, H. C. Connolly, A. Fujii, S. Hasegawa, N. Hirata, C. Hirose, S. Hosoda, Y. Iijima, H. Ikeda, M. Ishiguro, Y. Ishihara, T. Iwata, S. Kikuchi, K. Kitazato, D. S. Lauretta, G. Libourel, B. Marty, K. Matsumoto, T. Michikami, Y. Mimasu, A. Miura, O. Mori, K. Nakamura-Messenger, N. Namiki, A. N. Nguyen, L. R. Nittler, H. Noda, R. Noguchi, N. Ogawa, G. Ono, M. Ozaki, H. Senshu, T. Shimada, Y. Shimaki, K. Shirai, S. Soldini, T. Takahashi, Y. Takei, H. Takeuchi, R. Tsukizaki, K. Wada, Y. Yamamoto, K. Yoshikawa, K. Yumoto, M. E. Zolensky, S. Nakazawa, F. Terui, S. Tanaka, T. Saiki, M. Yoshikawa, S. Watanabe, Y. Tsuda
Summary: The Hayabusa2 spacecraft successfully investigated and returned samples from the Ryugu asteroid, and the morphology, color, and structure of these samples are consistent with the observed materials of the asteroid.
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
M. Yasui, M. Arakawa, H. Okawa, S. Hasegawa
Summary: In this study, cratering experiments were performed on simulated rubble-pile asteroid surfaces. The researchers improved the previously studied crater size scaling relationship by considering the armoring effect and introduced the concept of momentum transfer efficiency. The experiments showed that the size ratio of the target bead to the projectile, as well as the impact velocity, affected the size scaling relationship.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jooyeon Geem, Masateru Ishiguro, Jun Takahashi, Hiroshi Akitaya, Koji S. Kawabata, Tatsuya Nakaoka, Ryo Imazawa, Fumiki Mori, Sunho Jin, Yoonsoo P. Bach, Hangbin Jo, Daisuke Kuroda, Sunao Hasegawa, Fumi Yoshida, Ko Ishibashi, Tomohiko Sekiguchi, Jin Beniyama, Tomoko Arai, Yuji Ikeda, Yoshiharu Shinnaka, Mikael Granvik, Lauri Siltala, Anlaug A. Djupvik, Anni Kasikov, Viktoria Pinter, Emil Knudstrup
Summary: This polarimetric study provides evidence for the anhydrous nature of Phaethon and determines its accurate geometric albedo. The polarimetric properties of Phaethon are consistent with anhydrous chondrites, contradicting hydrous chondrites and typical cometary nuclei.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Sunao Hasegawa, Francesca E. DeMeo, Michael Marsset, Josef Hanus, Chrysa Avdellidou, Marco Delbo, Schelte J. Bus, Hidekazu Hanayama, Takashi Horiuchi, Driss Takir, Emmanuel Jehin, Marin Ferrais, Jooyeon Geem, Myungshin Im, Jinguk Seo, Yoonsoo P. Bach, Sunho Jin, Masateru Ishiguro, Daisuke Kuroda, Richard P. Binzel, Akiko M. Nakamura, Bin Yang, Pierre Vernazza
Summary: The surfaces of airless bodies like asteroids in the solar system are affected by space weathering, but reproducing this process in experiments takes much less time than the actual phenomenon. This study is the first to investigate color changes due to space weathering on an actual asteroid surface in the solar system.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Hatsune Okawa, Masahiko Arakawa, Minami Yasui, Sunao Hasegawa, Mizuno Toda, Kei Shirai, Yuya Yamamoto
Summary: Ejecta velocity distribution is crucial for controlling asteroid surface evolution and size frequency distribution of asteroids and planetary dusts. Studies on the ejection process of various-sized boulders on rubble-pile asteroids using impact experiments showed that larger boulders have lower ejection velocities. The improved ejecta velocity scaling law was used to calculate the landing points of ejected boulders, indicating that boulders with radii larger than 0.34 times the crater radius could not be ejected outside the crater. In the case of the Urashima crater on asteroid 162173 Ryugu, boulders up to 64 m in diameter may have been ejected and become tiny monolithic asteroids.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
T. Nakamura, M. Matsumoto, K. Amano, Y. Enokido, M. E. Zolensky, T. Mikouchi, H. Genda, S. Tanaka, M. Y. Zolotov, K. Kurosawa, S. Wakita, R. Hyodo, H. Nagano, D. Nakashima, Y. Takahashi, Y. Fujioka, M. Kikuiri, E. Kagawa, M. Matsuoka, A. J. Brearley, A. Tsuchiyama, M. Uesugi, J. Matsuno, Y. Kimura, M. Sato, R. E. Milliken, E. Tatsumi, S. Sugita, T. Hiroi, K. Kitazato, D. Brownlee, D. J. Joswiak, M. Takahashi, K. Ninomiya, T. Takahashi, T. Osawa, K. Terada, F. E. Brenker, B. J. Tkalcec, L. Vincze, R. Brunetto, A. Aleon-Toppani, Q. H. S. Chan, M. Roskosz, J. -C. Viennet, P. Beck, E. E. Alp, T. Michikami, Y. Nagaashi, T. Tsuji, Y. Ino, J. Martinez, J. Han, A. Dolocan, R. J. Bodnar, M. Tanaka, H. Yoshida, K. Sugiyama, A. J. King, K. Fukushi, H. Suga, S. Yamashita, T. Kawai, K. Inoue, A. Nakato, T. Noguchi, F. Vilas, A. R. Hendrix, C. Jaramillo-Correa, D. L. Domingue, G. Dominguez, Z. Gainsforth, C. Engrand, J. Duprat, S. S. Russell, E. Bonato, C. Ma, T. Kawamoto, T. Wada, S. Watanabe, R. Endo, S. Enju, L. Riu, S. Rubino, P. Tack, S. Takeshita, Y. Takeichi, A. Takeuchi, A. Takigawa, D. Takir, T. Tanigaki, A. Taniguchi, K. Tsukamoto, T. Yagi, S. Yamada, K. Yamamoto, Y. Yamashita, M. Yasutake, K. Uesugi, I. Umegaki, I. Chiu, T. Ishizaki, S. Okumura, E. Palomba, C. Pilorget, S. M. Potin, A. Alasli, S. Anada, Y. Araki, N. Sakatani, C. Schultz, O. Sekizawa, S. D. Sitzman, K. Sugiura, M. Sun, E. Dartois, E. De Pauw, Z. Dionnet, Z. Djouadi, G. Falkenberg, R. Fujita, T. Fukuma, I. R. Gearba, K. Hagiya, M. Y. Hu, T. Kato, T. Kawamura, M. Kimura, M. K. Kubo, F. Langenhorst, C. Lantz, B. Lavina, M. Lindner, J. Zhao, B. Vekemans, D. Baklouti, B. Bazi, F. Borondics, S. Nagasawa, G. Nishiyama, K. Nitta, J. Mathurin, T. Matsumoto, I. Mitsukawa, H. Miura, A. Miyake, Y. Miyake, H. Yurimoto, R. Okazaki, H. Yabuta, H. Naraoka, K. Sakamoto, S. Tachibana, H. C. Connolly Jr, D. S. Lauretta, M. Yoshitake, M. Yoshikawa, K. Yoshikawa, K. Yoshihara, Y. Yokota, K. Yogata, H. Yano, Y. Yamamoto, D. Yamamoto, M. Yamada, T. Yamada, T. Yada, K. Wada, T. Usui, R. Tsukizaki, F. Terui, H. Takeuchi, Y. Takei, A. Iwamae, H. Soejima, K. Shirai, Y. Shimaki, H. Senshu, H. Sawada, T. Saiki, M. Ozaki, G. Ono, T. Okada, N. Ogawa, K. Ogawa, R. Noguchi, H. Noda, M. Nishimura, N. Namiki, S. Nakazawa, T. Morota, A. Miyazaki, A. Miura, Y. Mimasu, K. Matsumoto, K. Kumagai, T. Kouyama, S. Kikuchi, K. Kawahara, S. Kameda, T. Iwata, Y. Ishihara, M. Ishiguro, H. Ikeda, S. Hosoda, R. Honda, C. Honda, Y. Hitomi, N. Hirata, T. Hayashi, M. Hayakawa, K. Hatakeda, S. Furuya, R. Fukai, A. Fujii, Y. Cho, M. Arakawa, M. Abe, S. Watanabe, Y. Tsuda
Summary: The Hayabusa2 brought back samples of the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu to Earth, which were analyzed. The analysis showed that there are carbon dioxide-bearing water inclusions within a pyrrhotite crystal, indicating that Ryugu's parent asteroid formed in the outer Solar System. The samples contain low abundances of materials formed at high temperatures and are rich in phyllosilicates and carbonates, which formed through aqueous alteration reactions at low temperature and high pH. Numerical simulations suggest that Ryugu's parent body formed about 2 million years after the beginning of Solar System formation.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Toshihiko Kadono, Ayako Suzuki, Ryo Suetsugu, Yuri Shimaki, Sunao Hasegawa
Summary: In this study, impact experiments were conducted to investigate the pattern and particle concentration in the ejecta curtain. The results revealed three types of ejecta curtain features, which were determined by the size distribution of particles in the targets. Based on these findings, the pattern observed in the ejecta curtain caused by the Small Carry-on Impactor in the Hayabusa2 mission was confirmed to be consistent with the evaluated sizes and masses of grains and boulders in the ejecta curtain.
EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
T. Kadono, M. Arakawa, S. Tsujido, M. Yasui, S. Hasegawa, K. Kurosawa, K. Shirai, C. Okamoto, K. Ogawa, Y. Iijima, Y. Shimaki, K. Wada
Summary: Experiments and numerical simulations show that craters formed by projectiles of different shapes and interior structures have almost identical sizes.
EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Masahiko Sato, Yuki Kimura, Satoshi Tanaka, Tadahiro Hatakeyama, Seiji Sugita, Tomoki Nakamuna, Shogo Tachibana, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, Takaaki Noguchi, Ryuji Okazaki, Hikaru Yabuta, Hiroshi Naraoka, Kanako Sakamoto, Toru Yada, Masahiro Nishimura, Aiko Nakato, Akiko Miyazaki, Kasumi Yogata, Masanao Abe, Tatsuaki Okada, Tomohiro Usui, Makoto Yoshikawa, Takanao Saiki, Fuyuto Terui, Satoru Nakazawa, Sei-ichiro Watanabe, Yuichi Tsuda
Summary: In this study, magnetic measurements and paleointensity calibration experiments were conducted on samples from asteroid Ryugu and two carbonaceous chondrites to evaluate their ability as paleomagnetic recorders. The results showed that framboidal magnetite was the dominant remanence carrier in the Ryugu samples and the paleointensity values indicated a strong magnetic field in the protoplanetary disk.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Francesca E. DeMeo, Michael Marsset, David Polishook, Brian J. Burt, Richard P. Binzel, Sunao Hasegawa, Mikael Granvik, Nicholas A. Moskovitz, Alissa Earle, Schelte J. Bus, Cristina A. Thomas, Andrew S. Rivkin, Stephen M. Slivan
Summary: Evidence shows that there are young, fresh surfaces among Near-Earth and Main-Belt asteroids, even though space weathering timescales are shorter than the age of the surfaces. Multiple mechanisms including planetary encounters, YORP spinup, thermal degradation, and collisions may play a role in refreshing asteroid surfaces on short timescales. Grain size effects have also been proposed to explain the existence of fresh-looking spectra. The Q/S ratio, which represents the fresh or weathered state, shows several trends including size dependence, dependence on perihelion distance, a sharp peak near 5 degrees orbital inclination, and a higher ratio for objects that have the possibility of encounter with Earth and Venus.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
E. Tatsumi, F. Vilas, J. de Leon, M. Popescu, S. Hasegawa, T. Hiroi, F. Tinaut-Ruano, J. Licandro
Summary: By studying the near-ultraviolet (NUV) absorption of primitive asteroids, strong correlations were found between NUV and OH-band (2.7 μm) absorptions, indicating that NUV absorption can be indicative of hydrated silicates. In addition, there is a significant difference in NUV absorption between large and small asteroids, with large asteroids mainly classified as C types and small asteroids mainly classified as F types. The taxonomic distribution of asteroids also differs between the inner main belt and the middle-outer main belt, with F types dominating the inner main belt.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Dagmara Oszkiewicz, Volodymyr Troianskyi, Adrian Galad, Josef Hanus, Josef Durech, Emil Wilawer, Anna Marciniak, Tomasz Kwiatkowski, Pawel Kolenczuk, Brian A. Skiff, Tom Polakis, Nicholas A. Moskovitz, Stefan Geier, Dora Fohring, Denise Hung, Stefan Gajdos, Jozef Vilagi, L'udovit Polcic, Volodymyr Kashuba, Sergei Udovichenko, Leonid Keir, Vladimir Benishek, Donald P. Pray, Vasilij Shevchenko, Yurij Krugly, Pawel Kankiewicz, Sunao Hasegawa, Raoul Behrend, Laurent Bernasconi, Arnaud Leroy, Rene Roy, Oleksandra Ivanova, Marek Husarik, Andrii Simon
Summary: Basaltic V-type asteroids are more common in the inner part of the Main Asteroid Belt and less common in the mid and outer parts. They provide valuable information about the differentiated planetesimals that existed in the early Solar System. Observations and simulations suggest that these fragments are difficult to distinguish from typical Vestoids and Vesta fugitives.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Masato Kiuchi, Takaya Okamoto, Yuuya Nagaashi, Yukari Yamaguchi, Sunao Hasegawa, Akiko M. Nakamura
Summary: Impact craters on asteroids reveal important information about their surface properties and evolution. In this study, high-speed impact experiments were conducted on dry particle layers with varying physical properties to investigate the relationship between crater size and these properties. The results showed that crater diameter was influenced by internal friction and porosity, and that the relationship between crater size and gravitational acceleration was dependent on particle size. The findings provide valuable experimental data for numerical simulations.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Tatsuhiro Michikami, Akira Tsuchiyama, Axel Hagermann, Akio Takeda, Katsuki Shishido, Yushi Otsuka, Osamu Sasaki, Michihiko Nakamura, Satoshi Okumura, Harumasa Kano, Sunao Hasegawa
Summary: Studying the material strength of meteorites provides valuable information about asteroids. Determining the material strength of meteorites is difficult due to their wide range of strengths. Researchers used X-ray microtomography to investigate the strength of mineral grains in carbonaceous meteorites and found that crack growth is influenced by the strength of the grains. This study is important in understanding the mechanisms of crack formation in asteroid samples.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Toshihiko Kadono, Ayako I. Suzuki, Ryo Suetsugu, Ryusei Maeda, Tatsuya Watanabe, Nina Miyaji, Ayaka Murayama, Fumi Yoshida, Arika Higuchi, Yuri Shimaki, Sunao Hasegawa
Summary: Recently, impact experiments in space using hollow or internally structured projectiles have shown the formation of vertical plumes, which are not observed in conventional solid projectile experiments. In this study, hollow resin projectiles were used to investigate the mechanism behind the formation of these vertical plumes. The results showed that the presence or absence of a vertical plume depended on the impact velocity, with no plume observed below 200 m/s and above 350 m/s, and a plume observed between 2 km/s and 3 km/s. Qualitative analysis suggests that the presence of an empty hole along the central axis is responsible for the generation of the vertical plume.
PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL
(2023)
