Article
Engineering, Environmental
Christopher C. Ogbunuzor, Paul R. Hellier, Midhat Talibi, Nicos Ladommatos
Summary: This study analyzed the formation and adsorption mechanisms of PAHs in the combustion process of diesel engines, finding that gas-phase PAHs were more abundant than soot-bound PAHs in the engine cylinder. Levels of PM and in-cylinder PAHs varied significantly during different combustion phases.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Priyanka Arora, Puneet Verma, Faisal Lodi, Mohammad Jafari, Ali Zare, Svetlana Stevanovic, Timothy A. Bodisco, Richard J. Brown, Zoran Ristovski
Summary: This study investigates the particulate emission and soot characterization of particles from a six-cylinder common-rail direct injection (CRDI), turbocharged diesel engine. The effects of different engine loads and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) fuel blends on particulate emissions and soot structure were examined. The results show that the particle number and mass concentrations are higher for DOP fuel blends compared to neat diesel. The soot structure of DOP fuel blends is more compact and exhibits shorter and curved fringes compared to diesel. The oxidation reactivity of soot particles is reduced in DOP fuel blends.
Article
Thermodynamics
Nikhil Sharma, Josefine Preuss, Jonas Sjoblom
Summary: This experimental study compares the soot morphology and particle number emissions of an oxygenated fuel blend and fossil diesel fuel. The results show that the renewable fuel blend can reduce emissions and has some advantages over diesel fuel. This research is valuable for the fuel industry to meet stringent emission norms.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yifeng Wang, Yuan Zhuang, Minfa Yao, Yanzhou Qin, Zhunqin Zheng
Summary: Engine experiments were conducted to study the impact of early injection on smoke emissions and performance, and the influence of EGR, intake pressure, fuel properties and injection strategy on soot emissions at early timings was assessed. The morphology and nanostructure characteristics of exhaust soot particles were also analyzed. The findings showed that using fuels with high volatilities and a RCCI fuel delivery strategy can effectively reduce soot emissions at early injection timings.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mohammed H. Zaher, Amin Yousefi, Mehran Dadsetan, Brian Liko, Simon Lafrance, Hongsheng Guo, Murray J. Thomson
Summary: This study investigates the impact of NH3 port injection on greenhouse gas and soot emissions in a NH3-diesel dual fuel CI engine. The results show that NH3 addition reduces soot emissions but increases N2O emissions, and it also leads to the formation of nitrogenated PAHs on the soot surface, indicating the need for further research on the environmental and health risks.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tengfei Wang, Xinqi Qiao, Tie Li, Pengcheng Zhao, Kai Zhao, Gang Wu
Summary: This study investigates the micro-nano morphology parameters and mechanical properties of soot particles generated from direct coal liquefaction (DDCL) and their dependency on injection pressures. The results show that DDCL soot particles have smaller size, compacted structure, lower graphitization degree, and weaker antioxidant capacity compared to diesel soot particles. Diesel soot particles exhibit higher adhesive force and energy dissipation, indicating stronger agglomeration performance. Furthermore, the elastic modulus of DDCL soot particles is smaller, leading to weaker deformation resistance.
Article
Energy & Fuels
F. J. Martos, O. Doustdar, S. Zeraati-Rezaei, J. M. Herreros, A. Tsolakis
Summary: This study proposes a new semi-empirical model to predict the growth of soot particles in an engine fueled with alcohol-diesel blends, and validates the model with high-resolution transmission electron microscope images obtained from soot particles collected via thermophoresis.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Jianbin Luo, Haiguo Zhang, Zhonghang Liu, Zhiqing Zhang, Yajuan Pan, Xiguang Liang, Shizhuo Wu, Hongxiang Xu, Song Xu, Chunmei Jiang
Summary: With the global emphasis on environmental protection and carbon neutrality, there is a need for reductions in pollutants such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter. Diesel engines are a major contributor to particulate matter pollution, and diesel particulate filter (DPF) technology has proven to be effective in controlling soot. This review discusses the exacerbating effect of particulate matter on human infectious diseases, the latest developments in DPF performance, soot catalytic oxidant schemes, and areas for future research.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Junheng Liu, Pengcheng Wu, Ping Sun, Qian Ji, Qi Zhang, Pan Wang
Summary: Addition of Fe-FBC can advance combustion, decrease emissions of soot and other pollutants, lower levels of HC, CO, and soot emissions, as well as reduce the types and content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Article
Energy & Fuels
Diming Lou, Yajuan Chen, Yunhua Zhang, Kunyou Jue, Piqiang Tan, Zhiyuan Hu, Liang Fang
Summary: In this study, a self-defined transient cycle is used for the soot loading test and combined with 1D simulations to reveal the temperature and pressure characteristics of Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter (CDPF) during the soot loading and regeneration process. The results show that the initial soot loading amount and exhaust flow rate have a significant effect on the pressure drop of CDPF. The soot combustion process can be divided into two stages based on the soot oxidation speed.
Article
Thermodynamics
Xiaohuan Zhao, Hongyan Zuo, Guohai Jia
Summary: In this paper, a nonlinear soot regeneration combustion pressure model (NSRCMP model) is established and used for Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) simulation study. The study finds that cell density and permeability have significant effects on soot loading time and pressure drop, with cell density being a key parameter affecting the overall system pressure.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Thomas Kirkby, Joshua J. Smith, Jacqueline Berryman, Mark Fowell, Tom Reddyhoff
Summary: This study investigates the wear mechanisms of a used, soot-containing oil drained from an engine test. Previous studies often used fresh oils with added carbon black as a soot mimic, which may not accurately represent the oxidation pathways in engines. The research applies tribometer tests and surface analysis techniques to evaluate the wear performance of engine-drained oil on AISI 52100 steel. The results indicate the corrosive-abrasive wear mechanism involving anti-wear film formation and subsequent removal by soot abrasion.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qinjie Lin, Kun Lin Tay, Wenbin Yu, Wenming Yang, Zhi Wang
Summary: The study found that the addition of PODE3 can reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, but may increase at high injection pressure; the particle number concentration shows a bimodal distribution at low injection pressure and decreases at medium and high injection pressure; the increase in oxygen content of PODE3 can decrease the geometric mean diameter of particles.
Article
Environmental Sciences
R. Jatoth, S. K. Gugulothu, R. K. S. Gadepalli, B. Burra, S. Rafiuzzama
Summary: This study numerically analyzed the behavior and distribution of soot particles generated during combustion in the engine cylinder, revealing that soot particles smaller than 50 nm are mainly located in the squish area, which has a significant impact on engine performance and emissions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
M. S. Almanzalawy, M. F. Elkady, S. Mori, A. E. Elwardany
Summary: The study investigates the use of the smallest ketone as a soot suppressor in a diesel engine. The nanostructure characteristics of soot are quantified using a fringe analysis approach. Image processing parameters are updated and their effects are explored and interpreted. The addition of acetone reduces the formation of soot in a diesel engine, as observed from the analysis of soot images using the updated parameters.
Article
Thermodynamics
Jose Rodriguez-Fernandez, Juan Jose Hernandez, Angel Ramos, Alejandro Calle-Asensio
Summary: The study focuses on the factors influencing the fuel consumption and NOx emissions of a diesel passenger car, finding that high average vehicle velocity can reduce fuel consumption, and that higher engine temperature and an efficient gear shifting strategy can also contribute to energy savings.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Rayda Patino-Camino, Alexis Cova-Bonillo, Jose Rodriguez-Fernandez, Teresa P. Iglesias, Magin Lapuerta
Summary: Binary blends of alcohol-diesel and alcohol-biodiesel were analyzed using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy at various concentrations. Results showed that relaxation time increased with alcohol content, with ethanol blends deviating more from ideal behavior than n-butanol blends, suggesting that molecular interactions play a dominant role in relaxation dynamics.
JOURNAL OF INFRARED MILLIMETER AND TERAHERTZ WAVES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nourollah Mirghaffari, Riccardo Iannarelli, Christian Ludwig, Michel J. Rossi
Summary: This study conducted titration experiments with various reactive gases on Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) to investigate its adsorption and desorption properties, revealing a highly decorated reactive interface on the PAC surface.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Florentina Villanueva, Sonia Lara, Alberto Notario, Mariano Amo-Salas, Beatriz Cabanas
Summary: The study investigated the concentrations of fifteen carbonyl compounds in the living rooms and bedrooms of 25 university student flats in Ciudad Real, Spain, with formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde being the most abundant. The indoor concentrations were significantly higher than outdoor concentrations, suggesting indoor sources prevail. Different sources were identified for various carbonyls, with factors like wood flooring and smoking impacting the levels of certain compounds. Concentrations were mostly below recommended values, except for acrolein, indicating a need for further research to minimize health risks associated with indoor exposure.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sonia Lara, Florentina Villanueva, Pilar Martin, Sagrario Salgado, Andres Moreno, Prado Sanchez-Verdu
Summary: Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in particulate matter contribute significantly to air pollution health risks. The author has optimized a method to determine the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated and oxygenated PAHs in samples of PM10 particulate matter. Analysis of real samples collected in Ciudad Real, Spain shows higher PAH levels in the cold season, with traffic being the main pollution source.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. Reyes, R. Sastre, F. Tinaut, J. Rodriguez-Fernandez
Summary: This study analyzes the origin and nature of intrinsic instabilities in combustion processes with different hydrogen/methane mixtures. By conducting experiments on expanding spherical flame fronts in a cylindrical constant volume combustion bomb and using the Schlieren photography method, the stability of combustion processes is studied to ensure safety and control. A methodology is proposed to determine the influence of fuel mixtures on the origin and development of flame front instabilities. The study also separately investigates the thermal-diffusive and hydrodynamic effects of the combustion process and their contributions to instability growth rate, aiming to understand the combustion nature and obtain the instability peninsula of each fuel mixture.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Riccardo Iannarelli, Christian Ludwig, Michel J. Rossi
Summary: This paper presents the Knudsen flow experiments, its interpretation in terms of adsorption/desorption kinetics, and quantitative uptake on substrates. The critical design parameters of the Knudsen Flow Reactor (KFR) are described. The authors extend the experiment to the desorption phase at ambient temperature and provide analytical expressions for different experimental situations. They emphasize the interaction of semivolatile organic probe gases and small polar molecules with amorphous carbon and mineral dust materials. The paper also introduces the use of stirred-flow reactors for multidiagnostic studies of heterogeneous reactions.
FRONTIERS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Riccardo Iannarelli, Christian Ludwig, Michel J. Rossi
Summary: In this study, a flowing gas experiment using a Knudsen flow reactor was conducted to investigate the interaction between seven semivolatile probe gases and two commonly used mineral dust materials. The results showed that the coarse Arizona test dust (ATD-C) exhibited stronger binding compared to kaolinite for all tested organic probe gases. No difference in the desorption yields and kinetics of H2O vapor was observed on either substrate. It was also found that prompt desorption at ambient temperature started with the immediate detection of probe gases adsorbed on the vessel walls of the sample compartment, followed by the slower growth and decay of semivolatiles adsorbed on the substrate, leading to the determination of adsorption and desorption rate constants.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Juan J. Hernandez, A. Cova-Bonillo, A. Ramos, H. Wu, J. Rodriguez-Fernandez
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the autoignition characteristics of different alternative diesel-type fuels under dual-fuel operation with H2, NH3, and CH4. The results showed that the type of low reactivity fuel and the nature of the liquid fuel significantly affected the ignition delay time, with ammonia considerably retarding autoignition and biodiesel being less sensitive to the presence of the H2-carrier fuel. Additionally, it was found that the higher the reactivity of the diesel-type fuel, the less influence the gaseous fuel had on the autoignition time.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Almudena Lorente, Alberto J. Huertas-Alonso, Manuel Salgado-Ramos, Diego J. Gonzalez-Serrano, M. Prado Sanchez-Verdu, Beatriz Cabanas, Milad Hadidi, Andres Moreno
Summary: Circular economy views waste as new raw materials for value-added products. Agroindustrial lignocellulosic waste can be a valuable source of platform chemicals like levulinic acid (LA). This study focuses on the microwave-assisted acidic conversion of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) into LA, assessing the impact of catalysts, inorganic salt addition, and ball milling pre-treatment on LA yield. The optimal conditions resulted in a 48% LA yield, and these conditions were successfully applied to melon rind, achieving a 51% yield of LA.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Magin Lapuerta, Jose Rodriguez-Fernandez, Angel Ramos, David Donoso, Laureano Canoira
Summary: Waste terpenes from paper, pine, and citric industries can be used in diesel blends after hydrogenation to reduce sooting tendency. Blends of hydrogenated turpentine and orange oil at 20 vol % were tested in a diesel engine, showing similar performance, increased CO and HC emissions, and unchanged NOx emissions compared to diesel. While particle number emissions were similar to diesel, particle mass emissions were reduced, indicating improved sooting tendency. Combustion characteristics were similar, with longer ignition delay and higher combustion velocity in the blends.
Article
Environmental Sciences
S. Lara, F. Villanueva, B. Cabanas, S. Sagrario, I. Aranda, J. A. Soriano, P. Martin
Summary: A qualitative and quantitative analysis of PACs present in different soot samples generated under different combustion conditions was conducted. The results showed that the composition and health effects of PACs in soot depend on the formation and collection conditions. Diesel vehicle emissions were identified as the main source of these compounds in the atmosphere of urban and rural areas, with biofuel-generated soot showing a higher percentage of OPAHs, which favor diesel particulate filter regeneration. The carcinogenicity of soot was found to be influenced by the combustion conditions and fuel type.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)