Journal
MATERIALS
Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ma14040899
Keywords
critical raw materials; substitution; iron; alloy
Categories
Funding
- COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) [CA15102]
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia [451-03-68/2020-14/200156]
- UKRI [EP/L016567/1, EP/S013652/1, EP/T001100/1, EP/S036180/1, EP/T024607/1]
- Royal Academy of Engineering [IAPP18-19 n295, TSP1332, EXPP2021 n 1 n277]
- Newton Fellowship award from the Royal Society [NIFnR1n191571]
- European Regional Development Funds at LSBU
- ARCHER resources [e648]
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This review paper discusses strategies for substitution and conservation of critical raw materials, including reducing the use of chromium in stainless steel, lowering the amounts of carbide-forming elements in tool steel, and using alternative iron-based materials to decrease the demand for CRMs.
The Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) list has been defined based on economic importance and supply risk by the European Commission. This review paper describes two issues regarding critical raw materials: the possibilities of their substitution in iron-based alloys and the use of iron-based alloys instead of other materials in order to save CRMs. This review covers strategies for saving chromium in stainless steel, substitution or lowering the amounts of carbide-forming elements (especially tungsten and vanadium) in tool steel and alternative iron-based CRM-free and low-CRM materials: austempered ductile cast iron, high-temperature alloys based on intermetallics of iron and sintered diamond tools with an iron-containing low-cobalt binder.
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