Article
Energy & Fuels
Changyong Jin, Yuedong Sun, Huaibin Wang, Yuejiu Zheng, Shuyu Wang, Xinyu Rui, Chengshan Xu, Xuning Feng, Hewu Wang, Minggao Ouyang
Summary: This paper investigates the effects of heating power and heating energy on the thermal runaway propagation characteristics of lithium-ion battery modules, and reveals the mechanism of thermal runaway triggered by external heating. The pre-heating effect is discovered as the primary cause of acceleration of propagation time interval. The model-based battery safety tool plays an important role in research and development.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jingwen Weng, Qiqiu Huang, Xinxi Li, Guoqing Zhang, Dongxu Ouyang, Mingyi Chen, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Ao Li, Eric Wai Ming Lee, Wensheng Yang, Jian Wang, Xiaoqing Yang
Summary: Although lithium-ion batteries are widely used, the thermal safety issues remain a concern. This article focuses on phase-change-material (PCM)-based battery thermal management systems (BTMs) and highlights the importance of meeting prerequisites for heat dissipation and thermal hazard mitigation. It compares the thermo-physical properties of modified PCMs and the structural design of structure-enhanced PCM-based BTMs. Future research directions for system resilience are proposed.
ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ruirui Li, Zhihao Liu, Siqi Zheng, Chengshan Xu, Jieyu Sun, Siqi Chen, Huaibin Wang, Languang Lu, Tao Deng, Xuning Feng
Summary: This study proposes a novel thermal barrier consisting of nano-ceramic fiber, phase change materials, and mica cross skeleton to effectively prevent the thermal runaway propagation in lithium ion batteries. The thermal barrier exhibits good heat insulation and compressive strength, reducing the maximum temperature of the battery by about 10 degrees Celsius during charging and discharging conditions. The findings provide guidance for the safety design of large capacity lithium ion battery systems, contributing to the potential safety protection of next-generation electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Zhizuan Zhou, Xiaodong Zhou, Xiaoyu Ju, Maoyu Li, Bei Cao, Lizhong Yang
Summary: This study investigates the horizontal and vertical thermal runaway propagation characteristics of lithium-iron-phosphate battery modules with different connections. It is found that during vertical propagation, almost simultaneous thermal runaway and high-temperature combustion occur in the upper batteries, posing significant thermal hazards. The upper batteries experience severer thermal runaway compared to the lower batteries, with much higher maximum temperature and heat release. The results provide valuable information for thermal runaway propagation between battery modules and contribute to the safety application of energy storage systems.
Article
Thermodynamics
Kaiyu Zou, Kun He, Shouxiang Lu
Summary: This study investigates the venting process of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway, including composition and rate. The results show that with the increase of SOC, the gas production composition becomes more complex and the gas concentration increases significantly. The study reveals the gas production mechanism of thermal runaway batteries.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Peng Qin, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This study introduces a simple but novel method to investigate the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. By using battery cells without the cap, the pressure sources can be decoupled, providing a more accurate method to describe gas generation. The research fills the knowledge gap of measuring internal pressure and offers insights into the relationship between temperature increasing rate and gas generation rate.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zijian Li, Yinliang Guo, Peihong Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the thermal behaviors of thermal runaway (TR) and its propagation in a lithium-ion battery module in a battery enclosure. The results show that TR in the enclosure has a delayed onset time and higher maximum temperature compared to without the enclosure. The propagation of TR to adjacent cells is also faster in the enclosure. Jet fire occurrence further increases the maximum temperature. Heat flux measurements reveal a higher heat conduction intensity between cells in the enclosure.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Fangshu Zhang, Xuning Feng, Chengshan Xu, Fachao Jiang, Minggao Ouyang
Summary: Research has been conducted on the thermal runaway propagation behaviors of long, large-format lithium-ion batteries, revealing that the average velocity of the thermal runaway front is approximately 24.14 mm/s, driven by the temperature gradient. The characteristics of the thermal runaway front have been investigated through experiments and simulations, showing a correlation between the velocity of the thermal runaway front and the battery's thermophysical properties.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jung Eun Hyun, Kyunhan Lee, Jin-pyo Hong
Summary: This study conducted research on delaying and preventing thermal propagation caused by single cell thermal runaway by using non-combustible materials. In the case of a cylindrical shape, a large amount of airflow during thermal runaway causes an exothermic reaction due to fixed venting openings. By applying non-flammable materials and materials containing expanded graphite to block the inflow of ambient air, the fire retardation effect of suffocation was demonstrated to prevent transition from occurring during thermal runaway.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhuangzhuang Jia, Shuping Wang, Peng Qin, Changhao Li, Laifeng Song, Zhixiang Cheng, Kaiqiang Jin, Jinhua Sun, Qingsong Wang
Summary: This paper investigates the thermal runaway and gas venting behaviors of 86 Ah LFP batteries caused by overcharging and overheating. Two important results are obtained from the experiments: (I) overcharging promotes gas release inside the battery, resulting in advance of safety venting; (II) the total gas volume during thermal runaway under overcharging and overheating is 62.1 and 101.3 L. This work provides a meaningful theoretical guide for EES systems' safety warning and fire protection.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Gongquan Wang, Depeng Kong, Ping Ping, Xiaoqin He, Hongpeng Lv, Hengle Zhao, Wanru Hong
Summary: Thermal runaway poses a serious risk to lithium-ion batteries due to the emission of flammable gases, potentially leading to explosions. A model incorporating venting is proposed to reduce explosion risk and determine the optimal battery pack configuration. Increasing ventilation rate decreases gas concentration and explosion duration, while the effect of void volume is limited. Increasing cell distance inhibits gas dispersion, prolonging the explosion risk. This model contributes to the optimization of battery pack safety.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wensheng Huang, Xuning Feng, Yue Pan, Changyong Jin, Jieyu Sun, Jian Yao, Huaibin Wang, Chengshan Xu, Fachao Jiang, Minggao Ouyang
Summary: Due to the multi-gas venting process during a battery thermal runaway, the first gas venting signal can be used to early warn battery failure. This study investigates the characteristic parameters of the 21700 battery cell thermal runaway and venting process, and develops a 3D single-cell thermal runaway model and closed box venting gas diffusion model. The models can predict the first venting moment and optimize the layout of early warning gas sensors for an effective battery thermal runaway early warning system.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xin Lai, Shuyu Wang, Huaibin Wang, Yuejiu Zheng, Xuning Feng
Summary: This study investigates and compares the TRP behavior of lithium-ion battery modules under three typical triggering modes, with findings that differences in TRP time and triggering temperature are significant in the early stages but diminish later on, and that energy flow distribution shows a large portion of energy used for self-heating and emitted during cell explosions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Justina Jaseliunaite, Mantas Povilaitis, Ieva Stucinskaite
Summary: This study conducted numerical simulation of turbulent hydrogen combustion and flame propagation in a laboratory-scale combustion chamber, revealing complex interactions between flame and turbulence due to obstacles in the flow direction.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wensheng Huang, Xuning Feng, Xuebing Han, Weifeng Zhang, Fachao Jiang
Summary: This article comprehensively discusses issues such as electric vehicle accidents, lithium-ion battery safety, existing safety technology, and solid-state batteries, clarifying the failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries and providing advice on creating safer battery systems. The aim is to promote a safer future for battery applications and a wider acceptance of electric vehicles.
CELL REPORTS PHYSICAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Hongyi Xu, Juner Zhu, Donal P. Finegan, Hongbo Zhao, Xuekun Lu, Wei Li, Nathaniel Hoffman, Antonio Bertei, Paul Shearing, Martin Z. Bazant
Summary: The electrochemical and mechanical properties of lithium-ion battery materials heavily rely on their 3D microstructure characteristics. A quantitative understanding of the role played by stochastic microstructures is crucial for predicting material properties and guiding synthesis processes. Tailoring microstructure morphology is also a viable way to achieve optimal electrochemical and mechanical performance of lithium-ion cells. This review presents spatially and temporally resolved imaging of microstructure and electrochemical phenomena, microstructure statistical characterization and stochastic reconstruction, microstructure-resolved modeling for property prediction, and machine learning for microstructure design to facilitate the establishment of microstructure-resolved modeling and design methods. Perspectives on the unresolved challenges and opportunities in applying experimental data, modeling, and machine learning to improve understanding of materials and identify paths toward enhanced performance of lithium-ion cells are also discussed.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2021)
Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Jonathan Scharf, Mehdi Chouchane, Donal P. Finegan, Bingyu Lu, Christopher Redquest, Min-cheol Kim, Weiliang Yao, Alejandro A. Franco, Dan Gostovic, Zhao Liu, Mark Riccio, Frantsek Zelenka, Jean-Marie Doux, Ying Shirley Meng
Summary: This review discusses the application of X-ray computed tomography (CT) and nanoscale CT systems in the battery field, as well as the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning analysis. It highlights the potential for studying the composition and dynamics of microstructures in battery materials with nanoscale resolution.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tanvir R. Tanim, Zhenzhen Yang, Donal P. Finegan, Parameswara R. Chinnam, Yulin Lin, Peter J. Weddle, Ira Bloom, Andrew M. Colclasure, Eric J. Dufek, Jianguo Wen, Yifen Tsai, Michael C. Evans, Kandler Smith, Jeffery M. Allen, Charles C. Dickerson, Alexander H. Quinn, Alison R. Dunlop, Stephen E. Trask, Andrew N. Jansen
Summary: This study investigates the degradation mechanisms of NMC811 under extreme fast charging conditions and compares its performance with NMC532. The results show that NMC811 experiences more severe subsurface crystallographic degradation compared to NMC532, but still maintains superior performance due to its radially oriented grains and improved transport properties.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Orkun Furat, Donal P. Finegan, Zhenzhen Yang, Tom Kirstein, Kandler Smith, Volker Schmidt
Summary: To better understand the functional behavior of energy materials, it is necessary to investigate their microstructure using imaging techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, the heterogeneous nature of active materials often requires quantification of features over large volumes, which can compromise resolution. In this study, generative adversarial networks (GANs) were used to super-resolve SEM images of cracked cathode materials, providing representative quantification of fine features.
NPJ COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yikai Jia, John Darst, Amul Surelia, David Delafuente, Donal P. Finegan, Jun Xu
Summary: This study investigates the deformation and fracture behaviors of lithium-ion battery shell during thermal runaway, as well as the impact of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sleeve on shell rupture. The results show that the tight-fitting CFRP sleeve effectively limits the side-wall rupture of the shell and introduces a new phenomenon in temperature distribution. The findings provide essential guidance for the design of next-generation safe batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Jinyong Kim, Chuanbo Yang, Joshua Lamb, Andrew Kurzawski, John Hewson, Loraine Torres-Castro, Anudeep Mallarapu, Shriram Santhanagopalan
Summary: Numerical simulations and experiments were conducted to investigate the roles of side and bottom cooling plates in mitigating thermal runaway in battery modules, revealing three key factors affecting passive thermal management systems.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Orkun Furat, Donal P. Finegan, Zhenzhen Yang, Tanvir R. Tanim, Kandler Smith, Volker Schmidt
Summary: This study demonstrates a high-throughput approach to quantify crack evolution in lithium-ion positive electrodes using super-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The results show that while crack evolution strongly correlates with capacity fade in the first 25 cycles, it does not correlate well for the following cycles, indicating that cracking may not be the dominant cause of capacity fade throughout the cycle-life of cells.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jinyong Kim, Anudeep Mallarapu, Shriram Santhanagopalan, John Newman
Summary: This study discusses the numerical instabilities that may occur when solving solid-phase diffusion equations in lithium-ion batteries and proposes a simple numerical treatment to resolve these issues. The proposed method is implemented in a pseudo two-dimensional physics-based battery model and simulations show its numerical robustness and comparable computational speeds to conventional methods.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Donal P. Finegan, Isaac Squires, Amir Dahari, Steve Kench, Katherine L. Jungjohann, Samuel J. Cooper
Summary: Materials characterization is essential for understanding lithium ion battery electrodes and their performance. Laboratory-based characterization techniques have made significant progress in revealing the relationship between electrode structure and function, but there is still room for improvement. Practical limitations in current characterization techniques hinder direct data integration. However, artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in combining and enhancing these techniques, leading to faster comprehension of electrode behavior.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xuekun Lu, Marco Lagnoni, Antonio Bertei, Supratim Das, Rhodri E. Owen, Qi Li, Kieran O'Regan, Aaron Wade, Donal P. Finegan, Emma Kendrick, Martin Z. Bazant, Dan J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing
Summary: This study investigates the phase separation dynamics in graphitic anodes and its effect on lithium plating propensity. The research reveals the rate-dependent spatial dynamics of phase separation and plating in graphite electrodes using high-resolution optical microscopy and a multi-dimensional phase-field modeling framework. The study provides insights into the mechanism of phase separation, plating, and lithium exchange phenomena.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Anand N. P. Radhakrishnan, Mark Buckwell, Martin Pham, Donal P. Finegan, Alexander Rack, Gareth Hinds, Dan J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing
Summary: Researchers have developed an image processing toolbox that can quantify the rate of propagation of battery failure mechanisms revealed by high-speed X-ray radiography. The toolbox can track electrode displacement and failure propagation, and has the potential to study other types of failure mechanisms.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Anudeep Mallarapu, Vivek S. Bharadwaj, Shriram Santhanagopalan
Summary: This study focuses on the impact of changing electrolyte composition on the performance of lithium-ion batteries under extreme fast charging conditions. Molecular dynamics studies were conducted to estimate transport properties at different salt concentrations, and molecular-level differences in solvent structure under extreme LiPF6 concentrations were explored, highlighting key aspects that help overcome barriers to Li+ transport during extreme fast charging.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tianyu Chen, Zhibin Lu, Guangjin Zeng, Yongmin Xie, Jie Xiao, Zhifeng Xu
Summary: The study introduces a high-performance LSGM electrolyte-supported tubular DC-SOFC stack for portable applications, which shows great potential in developing into high-performing, efficient, and environmentally friendly portable power sources for distributed applications.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wenbin Tong, Yili Chen, Shijie Gong, Shaokun Zhu, Jie Tian, Jiaqian Qin, Wenyong Chen, Shuanghong Chen
Summary: In this study, a three-dimensional porous NiO interface layer with enhanced anode dynamics is fabricated, forming a Schottky contact with the zinc substrate, allowing rapid and uniform zinc plating both inside and below the interface layer. The resulting NiO@Zn exhibits exceptional stability and high capacity retention.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yafeng Bai, Kaidi Li, Liying Wang, Yang Gao, Xuesong Li, Xijia Yang, Wei Lu
Summary: In this study, a flexible zinc ion supercapacitor with gel electrolytes, porous alpha-MnO2@reduced graphene oxide cathode, and activated carbon/carbon cloth anode was developed. The device exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and stability, even at low temperatures, with a high cycle retention rate after 5000 cycles.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Anmol Jnawali, Matt D. R. Kok, Francesco Iacoviello, Daniel J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing
Summary: This article presents the results of a systematic study on the electrochemical performance and mechanical changes in two types of commercial batteries with different anode chemistry. The study reveals that the swelling of anode layers in batteries with silicon-based components causes deformations in the jelly roll structure, but the presence of a small percentage of silicon does not significantly impact the cycling performance of the cells within the relevant state-of-health range for electric vehicles (EVs). The research suggests that there is room for improving the cell capacities by increasing the silicon loading in composite anodes to meet the increasing demands on EVs.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yohandys A. Zulueta, My Phuong Pham-Ho, Minh Tho Nguyen
Summary: Advanced atomistic simulations were used to study ion transport in the Na- and K-doped lithium disilicate Li2Si2O5. The results showed that Na and K doping significantly enhanced Li ion diffusion and conduction in the material.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zongying Han, Hui Dong, Yanru Yang, Hao Yu, Zhibin Yang
Summary: An efficient phase inversion-impregnation approach is developed to fabricate BaO-decorated Ni8 mol% YSZ anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with anti-coking properties. BaO nanoislands are successfully introduced inside the Ni-YSZ anode, leading to higher peak power densities and improved stability in methane fuel. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the loading of BaO nanoislands facilitates carbon elimination by capturing and dissociating H2O molecules to generate OH.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Suresh Mamidi, Dan Na, Baeksang Yoon, Henu Sharma, Anil D. Pathak, Kisor Kumar Sahu, Dae Young Lee, Cheul-Ro Lee, Inseok Seo
Summary: Li-CO2 batteries, which utilize CO2 and have a high energy density, are hindered in practical applications due to slow kinetics and safety hazards. This study introduces a stable and highly conductive ceramic-based solid electrolyte and a metal-organic framework catalyst to improve the safety and performance of Li-CO2 batteries. The optimized Li-CO2 cell shows outstanding specific capacity and cycle life, and the post-cycling analysis reveals the degradation mechanism of the electrodes. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory are also performed to understand the interactions between the catalyst and the host electrode. This research demonstrates the potential of MOF cathode catalyst for stable operation in Li-CO2 batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ganghua Xiang, Zhihuan Qiu, Huilong Fei, Zhigang Liu, Shuangfeng Yin, Yuen Wu
Summary: In this study, a CeFeOx-supported Pt single atoms and subnanometric clusters catalyst was developed, which exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and stability for the preferential oxidation of CO in H2-rich stream through synergistic effect.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Dimitrios Chatzogiannakis, Marcus Fehse, Maria Angeles Cabanero, Natalia Romano, Ashley Black, Damien Saurel, M. Rosa Palacin, Montse Casas-Cabanas
Summary: By coupling electrochemical testing to operando synchrotron based X-ray absorption and powder diffraction experiments, blended positive electrodes consisting of LiMn2O4 spinel (LMO) and layered LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) were studied to understand their redox mechanism. It was found that blending NMC with LMO can enhance energy density at high rates, with the blend containing 25% LMO showing the best performance. Testing with a special electrochemical setup revealed that the effective current load on each blend component can vary significantly from the nominal rate and also changes with SoC. Operando studies allowed monitoring of the oxidation state evolution and changes in crystal structure, in line with the expected behavior of individual components considering their electrochemical current loads.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chiara Cementon, Daniel Dewar, Thrinathreddy Ramireddy, Michael Brennan, Alexey M. Glushenkov
Summary: This Perspective discusses the specific power and power density of lithium-ion capacitors, highlighting the fact that their power characteristics are often underestimated. Through analysis, it is found that lithium-ion capacitors can usually achieve power densities superior to electrochemical supercapacitors, making them excellent alternatives to supercapacitors.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Weihao Wang, Hao Yu, Li Ma, Youquan Zhang, Yuejiao Chen, Libao Chen, Guichao Kuang, Liangjun Zhou, Weifeng Wei
Summary: This study achieved an improved electrolyte with excellent low-temperature and high-voltage performance by regulating the Li+ solvation structure and highly concentrating it. The electrolyte exhibited outstanding oxidation potential and high ionic conductivity under low temperature and high voltage conditions, providing a promising approach for the practical application of high-voltage LIBs.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Martin Bures, Dan Gotz, Jiri Charvat, Milos Svoboda, Jaromir Pocedic, Juraj Kosek, Alexandr Zubov, Petr Mazur
Summary: Vanadium redox flow battery is a promising energy storage solution with long-term durability, non-flammability, and high overall efficiency. Researchers have developed a mathematical model to simulate the charge-discharge cycling of the battery, and found that hydraulic connection of electrolyte tanks is the most effective strategy to reduce capacity losses, achieving a 69% reduction.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. Rodriguez-Gomez, J. Campo, A. Orera, F. de La Fuente, J. Valenciano, H. Fricke, D. S. Hussey, Y. Chen, D. Yu, K. An, A. Larrea
Summary: In this study, we analysed the operando performance of industrial lead cells using neutron diffraction experiments. The experiments revealed the evolution of different phases in the positive electrode, showed significant inhomogeneity of phase distribution inside the electrode, and estimated the energy efficiency of the cells.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiawei Liu, Chenpeng Wang, Yue Yao, Hao Ye, Yinglong Liu, Yingli Liu, Xiaoru Xu, Zhicong Chen, Huazheng Yang, Gang Wu, Libin Lei, Chao Wang, Bo Liang
Summary: The study focuses on utilizing double conductive Ni-pads as anode collectors in micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells. The simulation results show excellent performance and stability of DCNPs, and also highlight the potential applications in various fields.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yang Wang, Kangjie Zhou, Lang Cui, Jiabing Mei, Shengnan Li, Le Li, Wei Fan, Longsheng Zhang, Tianxi Liu
Summary: This study presents a polyimide sandwiched separator (s-PIF) for improving the cycling stability of Li-metal batteries. The s-PIF separator exhibits superior mechanical property, electrolyte adsorption/retention and ion conductivity, and enables dendrite-free Li plating/stripping process.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2024)