Exploring the relationship between solvent-assisted ball milling, particle size, and sintering temperature in garnet-type solid electrolytes

Garnet-type solid electrolytes, such as Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO), are promising materials for solid-state batteries, but processing remains a challenge, in part due to the high sintering temperature required for densification. This temperature can be lowered by decreasing the initial particle size via solvent-assisted ball milling, but the relationship between solvent choice, particle properties, sintering behavior, and ionic conductivity is not well understood. In this work, we systematically explore these parameters, showing that milling in commonly used protic solvents, such as alcohols, effectively decreases the particle size but results in lithium loss (through Li+/H+ exchange) that leads to poor sintering. By contrast, milling in aprotic solvents with surfactant reduces the particle size to similar to 220 nm without lithium loss, enabling the fabrication of dense samples (5.1 g/cm(3)) with good ionic conductivity (0.43 mS/cm at 25 degrees C) at a lower sintering temperature (1000 degrees C). We compare ionic conductivities and activation energies for samples prepared with different particle sizes and sintering temperatures and use multiphase-field simulations to identify the mass transport and microstructural mechanisms responsible for the observed sintering dependence on particle size. These results further clarify the relationship between processing parameters and performance and represent important progress toward overcoming fabrication challenges for these materials.

Automated summary

This study systematically explores the relationship between solvent choice, particle properties, sintering behavior, and ionic conductivity, finding that milling in aprotic solvents with surfactant can reduce particle size without lithium loss, enabling fabrication of dense samples with good ionic conductivity at lower sintering temperatures. The results clarify the importance of processing parameters and represent significant progress towards overcoming fabrication challenges for garnet-type solid electrolytes.