Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042105
Keywords
bone fragility; fractures; male; prevention; screening; DXA; BMD
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Osteoporosis, known as the 'silent disease', can lead to fragility fractures and serious consequences, especially in women. However, male osteoporosis is often underestimated by physicians despite high incidence and increased risk of complications, indicating a lack of screening, diagnosis, and treatment for men.
Osteoporosis is called the 'silent disease' because, although it does not give significant symptoms when it is not complicated, can cause fragility fractures, with serious consequences and death. Furthermore, the consequences of osteoporosis have been calculated to weigh heavily on the costs of health systems in all the countries. Osteoporosis is considered a female disease. Actually, the hormonal changes that occur after menopause certainly determine a significant increase in osteoporosis and the risk of fractures in women. However, while there is no doubt that women are more exposed to osteoporosis and fragility fractures, the literature clearly indicates that physicians tend to underestimate the osteoporosis in men. The review of the literature done by the authors shows that osteoporosis and fragility fractures have a high incidence also in men; and, furthermore, the risk of fatal complications in hip fractured men is higher than that for women. The authors report the evidence of the literature on male osteoporosis, dwelling on epidemiology, causes of osteoporosis in men, diagnosis, and treatment. The analysis of the literature shows that male osteoporosis is underscreened, underdiagnosed, and undertreated, both in primary and secondary prevention of fragility fractures.
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