Article
Chemistry, Physical
Pantea Ghahremani, Mohammad Ebrahim Haji Naghi Tehrani, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: This study aims to establish a protective layer on steel surface using bio-compatible organic compounds from Golpar leaves. The results show that Golpar leaves extract (GLE) effectively inhibits corrosion, enhances metal surface hydrophobicity, and exhibits high inhibition activity and coverage rate.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zahra Shahryari, Khalil Gheisari
Summary: This study evaluates the impact of Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) and the extract of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf (ZiZi) on the corrosion protection of steel samples in 3.5 wt % NaCl. The interaction between ZiZi components and zinc cations is investigated through spectroscopic analyses. Various methods are used to investigate the inhibitory impact of ZiZi and ZnSO4 on corrosion, and the results demonstrate that adding zinc ions to ZiZi extract prevents corrosion of steel samples.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Behnaz Hamrahi, Ali Khanlarkhani, Seyed Morteza Madani, Arash Fattah-alhosseini, Seyed Omid Gashti
Summary: The study investigated the effect of Henna extract as an inhibitor on the corrosion behavior of API 5L Gr.B steel in H2S-containing solution at 25 degrees C. Results showed that the corrosion current density decreased and inhibition efficiency increased with higher Henna extract concentration. Quantum chemical calculations revealed Lawsone as the main constituent and inhibition agent in Henna extract.
METALS AND MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Amir Hossein Jafari Mofidabadi, Ali Dehghani, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: The corrosion rate of steel in saline solutions can be reduced and its lifetime can be enhanced by using plant-sourced organic inhibitors. However, the performance of plant-sourced organic inhibitors in neutral chloride solutions is not satisfactory. To overcome this, metal cations, such as Zinc, are used to enhance the corrosion inhibition effect. In this study, the combination of Sinapis arvensis seed extract and Zinc was used to inhibit chloride ions from corroding mild steel. The results showed that a protective film consisting of the extract and Zinc was formed on the steel surface, improving its resistance against saline attack. The study also investigated the interaction between the extract and Zinc, as well as the morphological changes on the steel surface after introducing the extract and Zinc.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Dalia H. Mabrouk, Faten E. El-Morsy
Summary: N1, N2-bis [1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene]oxalohydrazide (NOL) was synthesized and evaluated as a corrosion inhibitor for stainless steel 304 L (SS304L) in hydrochloric acid. The adsorption properties of NOL were determined experimentally and theoretically. The results showed that NOL had a high inhibition efficiency of 95.7% and reduced the double layer capacity and improved charge transfer resistance in the acid solution.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Arumugam Ramachandran, Panneerselvam Anitha, Sadhasivam Gnanavel
Summary: Carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and studied for their corrosion mitigation effect on mild steel in hydrochloric acid. The experimental results showed that these derivatives exhibited efficient anti-corrosion properties, with the level of corrosion inhibition proportional to their concentration. Electrochemical techniques revealed their mixed-type inhibition mechanism with single charge transfer at the metal-electrolyte interface. The structural and electronic characteristics of the inhibitors were found to have an impact on the corrosion process.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Florina Branzoi, Adriana Baran, Simona Petrescu
Summary: In this study, a new composite polymer coating N-methylpyrrole-Triton-X100/N, N,N-diethylaniline (NMPY-TRX100/NNDEA) was synthesized on carbon steel type OL 37 electrode for corrosion protection using an electrodeposition method. The surfactant Triton-X100 played a significant role in improving the corrosion protection performance of the composite by impeding the penetration of corrosive ions. The PNMPY-TRX100/PNNDEA coatings exhibited good anticorrosion protection of OL 37 in corrosive solutions, with corrosion rates around nine times lower than uncoated electrodes and a corrosion protection yield of over 90%.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Alper Fitoz, Halil Yilmaz, Mustafa Hayvali, Kaan C. Emreguel
Summary: In this study, 1,7-dihydroxy-aza-dipyrromethene (DAD) was used as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in highly acidic media. The results showed that DAD exhibited good inhibition performance as a mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition mechanism of DAD was discussed by calculating global reactivity parameters and stabilization energies.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Florina Branzoi, Marius Alexandru Mihai, Simona Petrescu
Summary: A novel composite polymer coating was prepared on carbon steel using electrochemical techniques, which improved corrosion protection by obstructing the penetration of sulfate ions, achieving high protection efficiency and reduced corrosion rate.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Lei Cui, Meiyan Hang, Huanghuang Huang, Xiaojian Gao
Summary: The addition of organic or inorganic corrosion inhibitors can reduce the corrosion rate of steel bars in chloride solution. Compared to single component inhibitors, the multi-component inhibitor significantly restrains the corrosion of steel bars in simulated pore solution. The adsorption film formed by the multi-component corrosion inhibitor on the surface of steel bars can significantly reinforce the passive film through physical or chemical processes.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Qihui Wang, Xiaodi Wu, Huahao Zheng, Li Liu, Qi Zhang, Aomei Zhang, Zhitao Yan, Yi Sun, Zuojin Li, Xueming Li
Summary: This study investigates the corrosion inhibition properties of FJLE in chlorine-containing simulated concrete pore solution. The experimental results and molecular dynamics simulations illustrate that FJLE exhibits excellent corrosion inhibition performance and prevents chloride ion erosion. Moreover, Fatsia japonica is readily available and possesses eco-friendly and long-term efficient corrosion resistance suitable for the construction field.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Seyed Ali Hosseini, Taghi Shahrabi, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Iman Mohammadi
Summary: This research aimed to develop a low-VOC silane coating with functional protection provided by novel non-toxic metal-organic networks (MONs) based on Nigella sativa bio-molecules/Zinc nitrate. The effectiveness of the silane coating containing MONs pigment was investigated through electrochemical and accelerated corrosion experiments. Results showed that the inclusion of MONs significantly improved the anti-corrosion performance of the silane coating by increasing its crosslinking density and promoting the formation of inhibitive film in scratched regions.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Eugene B. Caldona, Min Zhang, Guangchao Liang, T. Keith Hollis, Charles Edwin Webster, Dennis W. Smith, David O. Wipf
Summary: This study demonstrated the inhibition effect of triazole- and imidazole-based compounds on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution through electrochemical measurements. Among these compounds, the triazole-based compound exhibited the highest inhibitive performance at a concentration of 850 μM, showing an efficiency of over 90%. The results were supported by microscopy analyses and x-ray diffraction, confirming the protective inhibitor layer formation on the metal surface.
JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
V Saraswathi, S. Agilan, N. Muthukumarasamy, M. Uthayakumar, Dhayalan Velauthapillai, G. Vinitha
Summary: Single crystals of (E)-4-bromo-N'-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide (DMBB) have been successfully grown using the slow evaporation technique. The molecular structure and optical properties of the crystal were investigated using various analytical techniques.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hassane Lgaz, Sourav Kr. Saha, Han-seung Lee, Namhyun Kang, Fatima Zahra Thari, Khalid Karrouchi, Rachid Salghi, Khalid Bougrin, Ismat Hassan Ali
Summary: Two thiazolidinedione derivatives were synthesized and applied for corrosion protection of copper in NaCl medium. The inhibitors significantly limited the dissolution of copper, with ATZD slightly outperforming MTZD due to the presence of an additional -C3H5 unit in its molecular scaffold.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Navid Keshmiri, Parisa Najmi, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Ghasem Bahlakeh
Summary: Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a type of organic structure with high crystallinity, porosity, and tunability, and they exhibit high stability in harsh chemical environments. In this study, a porous COF structure was synthesized and used as a nanocontainer for corrosion inhibitors to create a coating with excellent anti-corrosion properties. The COF-based nanoparticles showed high inhibition efficiency and smart release of the inhibitor, and the COF/EP coating had improved barrier and mechanical properties compared to neat epoxy.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Parisa Molaeipour, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: The study demonstrated the effectiveness of using Stachys byzantina (SB) extract and divalent zinc (II) cations to create a highly durable corrosion protective film on metal surfaces. Various tests and surface analysis methods confirmed the excellent synergistic corrosion inhibition behavior and protective effects on the metal surface.
BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Seyyed Arash Haddadi, Motahhare Keramatinia, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: This study focuses on the synergistic corrosion retardation performance (CRP) of Nepeta pogonosperma leaves and zinc cations on mild steel plates. Different concentrations of the leaf extract and zinc ions were used to prepare solution systems, and the effects on the steel plates were evaluated through electrochemical tests and surface characterization analysis.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. H. Shahini, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: Despite the wealth and convenience brought by rapidly advancing technologies globally, they have posed threats to human and environmental health. This study utilized a new plant extract as an inhibitive species for mild steel corrosion, conducting various tests to determine the optimal concentration for inhibitive efficiency.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Farzaneh Ozeiry, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Ghasem Bahlakeh
Summary: By preparing a nanocomposite of oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes with ZIF-8, the thermal and mechanical properties of an epoxy coating were significantly enhanced, including increased storage modulus and tensile strength, as well as decreased glass transition temperature.
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. H. Shahini, H. Eivaz Mohammadloo, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a new and rapidly growing type of porous material with vast surface area and versatile capacity. Research trends in MOFs synthesis methods, classification, and applications, particularly in the field of corrosion, are currently a focus of study with the aim to inspire new ideas and further investigations.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Applied
Zahra Haeri, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh
Summary: Studies have shown that the introduction of GO and MOF nanofillers into epoxy resin significantly improves its mechanical, thermal, anti-corrosion, and flame-retardant properties. Modifications of GO via MOFs can help avoid negative effects and enhance positive effects of the nanofillers. Introduction of GO-MOF nanohybrids can greatly improve the flame-retardant properties of epoxy resin, as well as enhance its anti-corrosion stability and adhesion strength.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. H. Shahini, Motahhare Keramatinia, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Lei Guo, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: This study examines the corrosion-preventive properties of Ranunculus bulbosus (RB) extract on mild steel in hydrochloric acid conditions. Various tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of RB extract on the microstructure, surface functional groups, inhibitor concentration, and corrosion resistance. The results showed that RB extract has a positive effect on surface smoothness and inhibits corrosion effectively, making it a promising green alternative for corrosion prevention.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Arsalan Rahmani Ghohrodi, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: The effects of UIO-66 nanoparticles on the thermal resistance, mechanical features, and UV resistance of epoxy-polyamide composite coatings were investigated. The results showed promising improvements in thermal and mechanical properties, as well as significant enhancement of UV-shielding properties with the presence of UIO-66 particles.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Milad Motamedi, Sahel Mohammadkhah, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Hossein Eivaz Mohammadloo, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
Summary: In this study, a novel smart pH-triggered nanocoating was successfully prepared by incorporating organic tannic acid and inorganic praseodymium cations as corrosion inhibitors into a zeolitic imidazolate framework-type porous coordination polymer.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Rahman Mohammadkhani, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Michele Fedel, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Mohammad Mahdavian
Summary: In this research study, interfacial assembled nano-porous zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) multiwalled oxidized carbon nanotubes (MW-OCNTs) were introduced into a silane coating. The destructive behavior of the nanoparticles exposed to salty solutions with different pH values was analyzed, and the active property and inhibition efficiency of the synthesized nanoparticles and coatings were investigated.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Parisa Najmi, Navid Keshmiri, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Mohammad Arjmand
Summary: The present work explores the development of novel protective nanocontainers based on covalent organic frameworks (COFs) grown on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The porous and nitrogen-rich structure of COF makes it a good carrier for adsorbing and releasing inhibitors to suppress metal corrosion. The as-synthesized nanocomposite coatings exhibit excellent rust resistance and low adhesion loss.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ali Dehghani, Zahra Sanaei, Michele Fedel, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Mohammad Mahdavian, Bahram Ramezanzade
Summary: The design of smart coatings for corrosion protection using carbonaceous materials as carriers has been successfully achieved in this study. The synthesized CNT-ZIF67-Mo nano-hybrids show a significant reduction in the corrosion rate of metals and possess self-healing capability.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Sepideh Akbaripoor Tafreshi Nejad, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Eiman Alibakhshi, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Marie-Georges Olivier, Mohammad Mahdavian
Summary: In this study, a metal-organic framework (MOF) was synthesized and loaded with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) as a corrosion inhibitor. Characterization techniques confirmed the successful loading of 8HQ in the MOF, and the results showed that the 8HQ-doped MOF significantly improved the corrosion protection of the coating systems.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Mohammad Ramezanzadeh, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Mohammad Mahdavian
Summary: Thermally stable and high-performance pH-responsive anti-corrosive nanoreservoirs based on double-ligand zinc phosphate framework (ZPF) decorated graphene oxide skeletal template (G-ZPF) were prepared through ligand exchange theory. The nanoreservoirs showed active corrosion inhibiting substance release ability and corrosion inhibition ability in saline solutions. They also enhanced the corrosion prevention and thermo/mechanical performance of the epoxy-polyamide coating.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhichao Shang, Xiaoping Cai, Farshid Pahlevani, Yan Zheng, Akbar Hojjati-Najafabadi, Xinran Gao, Baojing Zhang, Peizhong Feng
Summary: High porosity Co-Al-Fe intermetallics with 3D-microstructures were successfully synthesized in one step via a thermal explosion reaction. The link between pore structure and permeability was investigated using 3D-XRM technology. The corrosion resistance of the samples with different Fe contents was studied at 900 degrees C under an oxygen/sulphur atmosphere for up to 120 h. The results showed that the samples maintained stable pore structure and intact internal matrices, attributed to the formation of a thin protective layer on the surface. In addition, inward diffusion of S resulted in the formation of FeS nodules.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lian Ma, Hain Yang, Daquan Zhang, Wei Wu
Summary: In this study, an environmentally friendly volatile corrosion inhibitor, lysine salts (LA), was prepared between graphene oxide (GO) layers using an in situ intercalation technique. The corrosion inhibition effect of LA was evaluated, and it was found that LA-GO2 achieved a 99.3% corrosion inhibition efficiency after composition optimization. The inhibition of the electrochemical anodic process on the surface of mild steel was the main reason for the high corrosion inhibition efficiency of LA-GO2. The properties of the surface film on the corroded steel were also characterized in detail to understand the corrosion inhibition mechanism of LA-GO2.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Running Wang, Jiaping Zhang, Bing Liu, Jie Fei, Qiangang Fu
Summary: By introducing a tailored SiC-C interphase, the carbon fiber can be effectively protected, improving the mechanical and ablation properties of leading edge shaped C/C-ZrC-SiC composites.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zihua Wang, Chijia Wang, Ruitao Wang, Jiapeng Deng, Kun Zhang, Yanji Zhu, Huaiyuan Wang
Summary: A robust anti-corrosive coating has been developed using functional fly ash, which demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance and improved mechanical properties. The coating achieves these enhancements through molecular cross-linking design and surface augmentation techniques, resulting in a significantly improved impedance modulus compared to pure polyurea coatings.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Haofei Sun, Meifeng Li, Hao Zhang, Jing Liu
Summary: The oxidation behavior of FeCrNi medium entropy alloy was investigated through experimental observations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The study found that at 900 degrees C, the alloy forms a desirable and continuous oxide layer, while at 1000 degrees C, the oxide layer becomes discontinuous with penetration of oxide. These observations highlight the significant role of phase structure in promoting the formation of protective oxide scales and influencing oxidation resistance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yang Li, Ke Ma, Jingjun Xu, Jingjing Li, Yueming Li, Yi Zhang, Jun Zuo, Meishuan Li
Summary: Cr2AlC diffusion barrier effectively blocks the diffusion of Ti, enhancing the stability and spalling resistance of the Al2O3 scales between NiCrAlY coating and TiAl alloy.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Weiyi Wang, Qinglin Pan, Xiangdong Wang, Bing Liu
Summary: By adding Ce, Sc, Y and Zr elements to Al-Mg-Si alloy, the microstructure of the alloy can be regulated, and the corrosion and heat resistance of the materials can be improved.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Andrea Cristoforetti, Javier Izquierdo, Ricardo M. Souto, Flavio Deflorian, Michele Fedel, Stefano Rossi
Summary: This study presents a new approach to studying the mechanism of filiform corrosion in organic coated steel using the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and micropotentiometry (potentiometric SECM). The electrochemical activity under the coating was evaluated by mapping the ionic current densities coming from artificial defects made in specific locations of the filament. Antimony tips were also used to investigate the pH changes associated with different corrosion reactions at the metal-paint interface. Local pH levels along the filament in the anodic and cathodic regions were determined.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yang Gao, Dayun Sun, Zhu Liu, Shuo Cong, Rui Tang, Yanping Huang, Lefu Zhang, Xianglong Guo
Summary: The corrosion characteristics of a novel alumina-forming austenitic steel in high-pressure high-temperature water environment were studied. The addition of aluminum has a negative effect on the continuity of the alumina scale.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Negin Madelat, Benny Wouters, Peter Visser, Zahra Jiryaeisharahi, Kristof Marcoen, Shoshan T. Abrahami, Annick Hubin, Herman Terryn, Tom Hauffman
Summary: This work explores the correlation between electrolyte transport properties and the variation of pigment volume concentration (PVC) in organic coatings. An odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ORP-EIS) approach is used to analyze the diffusion of ions independent from water uptake. The results show that a higher PVC leads to a more homogeneous coating structure, resulting in faster diffusion of ions and enhanced water uptake.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Eloa Lopes Maia, Serguei Gavrilov, Valentyn Tsisar, Kitty Baert, Iris De Graeve
Summary: The effect of pre-oxidation in air at 300-500°C on the initiation and development of liquid metal corrosion attack on 316L austenitic steel in static lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been investigated. It was found that pre-formed oxide films can protect the surface against dissolution, while high temperature pre-oxidation leads to localized corrosion.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Baozhuang Sun, Qiuyu Wang, Yue Pan, Zhiyong Liu, Cuiwei Du, Xiaogang Li
Summary: In this study, a non-steady electrochemical model was established to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The model was verified using 304 SS with various microstructures, confirming its effectiveness in assessing SCC susceptibility.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xingyu Xiao, Xinhua Liu, Zhilei Wang, Xuexu Xu, Mingying Chen, Jianxin Xie
Summary: The corrosion behavior and mechanisms of Cu-10Ni-X (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Sn, Ti, Zn) alloys in a 3.5% NaCl solution were systematically investigated. Both computational and experimental results revealed that except Ti, other elements could enhance the corrosion resistance of Cu2O passivation film.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gen Zhang, Yan-Ping Huang, E. Jiang, Wei -Wei Liu, Hong Yang, Jing Xiong, Yong-Fu Zhao
Summary: The addition of aluminum has a significant influence on the intermetallic compounds in AFA alloys, particularly increasing the content of B2-NiAl phase. In the SCO2 environment, the oxide scales formed on AFA alloys with aluminum were thinner than on ASS without aluminum, and the structure of the oxide scales changed to a double-layer structure.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yuxuan He, Guozheng Xiao, Chao Wang, Xuefeng Lu, Liuyuan Li, Shiying Liu, Yusheng Wu, Zhanjie Wang
Summary: The relationship between configurational entropy and lattice distortion in novel rare earth monosilicates was investigated, and the effect of configurational entropy on their properties was studied. The results showed that lattice distortion increased with the increase of configurational entropy, but a highly symmetrical crystal structure was formed when the configurational entropy was large enough, inhibiting the lattice distortion.
