Evaluation of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of β-caryophyllene from New Zealand Manuka leaves (Leptospermum scoparium)

Leptospermum scoparium (Manuka) is a small indigenous shrub belonging to the family of Myrtaceae, which is equivalent to a tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) in Australia. Manuka leaves are rich in bioactive terpenes such as beta-caryophyllene, which are scientifically proven to have potential activities in different areas including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumour, antioxidant, and anaesthetic. This research considers for the first time the application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as green and sustainable solvents for the extraction of beta-caryophyllene (beta-CAR) from New Zealand Manuka leaves. The extraction was carried outusing twenty-six types of hydrophilic and hydrophobic DESs. Menthol: Lactic acid DES was found to have higher extractability of beta-caryophyllene than n-hexane, methanol, and ethanol as reference solvents. Moreover, Menthol: Lactic acid DES at 1:2 molar ratio was more efficient than conventional steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction. Furthermore, beta-caryophyllene showed a good stability in menthol: lactic acid DES over 9 days of storage. The final beta-caryophyllene concentration (beta-CAR = 8.713605 mg/g Manuka leaf) after 4 cycles of extraction suggests a good reusability of the potential DES. The extraction of beta-caryophyllene using this DES was further optimised using RSM (response surface methodology) combined with BBD (Box-Behnken design). The optimum experimental conditions were as follows: temperature 25.07 degrees C, stirring time 1.09 h, and % w/v biomass of 14.99%, which gave an extraction yield of 10.25 mg of beta-caryophyllene/g Manuka leaf. (C) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Leptospermum scoparium (Manuka), a small indigenous shrub, contains bioactive terpenes such as beta-caryophyllene. This study demonstrates the potential of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for efficient extraction of beta-caryophyllene from Manuka leaves. Menthol: Lactic acid DES showed higher extractability and stability, providing a good reusability of the potential DES for β-caryophyllene extraction.