Bi-level two-stage stochastic optimization for wind energy transmission networks encompassing active distribution networks

The distribution network is active for the high integration rate of sustainable sources and provides excess electricity to meet transmission demand. This paper proposes a two-layer hierarchical transmission extension formula for coordinated distribution network. The upper layer of the distributed optimization framework relates to the goals and limits of the transmission level, while the lower layer corresponds to the distributed viewpoint. The approximation method is deployed to linearize the distribution network operation constraints, which ensures that the formulated two-layer problem can be handled by a dual-based method. Numerical studies conducted on two integrated transmission and distribution networks show that the proposed model based on hierarchical duality can reduce investment costs, provide operational economic benefits and accommodate renewable energy, with its effectiveness and high performance. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.