Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhenggao Xiao, Ningke Fan, Wenqing Zhu, Hai-Long Qian, Xiu-Ping Yan, Zhenyu Wang, Sergio Rasmann
Summary: The application of nanosilicon has been found to enhance plant defenses against various stresses. Silicon quantum nanodots, with their unique biological and physiochemical properties, show promise in regulating plant responses to stress. By studying maize, it was observed that the addition of Si NDs and sodium silicate effectively inhibited the growth of caterpillars and activated defense genes. Field experiments also demonstrated the potential of Si NDs in increasing maize yield. These findings suggest that Si NDs can be an effective and ecofriendly crop protection strategy in agroecosystems.
Review
Plant Sciences
Boaz Negin, Georg Jander
Summary: The majority of plant specialized metabolites serve as defense mechanisms against herbivores, with identical or structurally distinct compounds repeatedly targeting the same herbivorous animals. This may be due to constraints in plant primary metabolism and limited accessible targets in animals. The complex biosynthetic pathways of unique defensive compounds in individual genera or species may complicate their repeated evolution in different plant species.
CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Entomology
Meritxell Perez-Hedo, Sarra Bouagga, Nina Xiaoning Zhang, Rob Moerkens, Gerben Messelink, Josep A. Jaques, Victor Flors, George Broufas, Alberto Urbaneja, Maria L. Pappas
Summary: This review presents the physiological basis of defense mechanisms activated by zoophytophagous predators in plants and their effects on pests and natural enemies. Our understanding of defense induction by these predators and its applied implications is relatively poor, but three approaches to exploit these defenses in crop protection are proposed.
JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Huali Ren, Teng Huang, Hongyang Yan
Summary: Deep learning technology is vulnerable to adversarial examples, which bring serious security risks to systems. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of adversarial attacks and defenses in the real physical world, analyzing challenges faced by applications and summarizing works on generating adversarial examples and defense strategies in various tasks. Based on this, potential research directions for adversarial examples in the physical world are proposed.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MACHINE LEARNING AND CYBERNETICS
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Laura Righetti, Dhaka Ram Bhandari, Enrico Rolli, Sara Tortorella, Renato Bruni, Chiara Dall'Asta, Bernhard Spengler
Summary: This study investigated the effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on wheat metabolism, revealing that plants exhibit a local defense response when exposed to toxins, potentially triggered by eavesdropping on the presence of the fungus. The research suggests that mycotoxins may initiate a plant defense mechanism and operate on multiple organs in response to fungal presence.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Ecology
Maria-Jose Endara, Dale L. Forrister, Phyllis D. Coley
Summary: This study summarizes current trends in the study of plant-herbivore interactions and their impact on plant chemical defenses, host choice, and community diversity. Defense investment variation is driven by resource availability, and deeper nodes of plant phylogeny exhibit conservative evolution of defenses. In tropical ecosystems, greater specialization of herbivores reduces the performance of plants with similar defenses, while in temperate ecosystems with more generalist herbivores, rare defense profiles are at a disadvantage. Herbivore host choice is primarily influenced by plant defenses rather than host phylogeny, leading to evolutionary tracking by herbivores instead of coevolution. The interaction between plants and herbivores shapes both the origin and maintenance of diversity.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS
(2023)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Xiliang Li, Guochen Kenny Png, Yuanheng Li, Saheed Olaide Jimoh, Yong Ding, Fang Li, Shixian Sun
Summary: The study demonstrates that leaf plasticity can serve as an indicator of plants' defense against grazing; different plant species show varying responses in leaf angle during grazing; changes in leaf plasticity are influenced by historical grazing and current foraging activities.
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Saumik Basu, Benjamin W. Lee, Robert E. Clark, Sayanta Bera, Clare L. Casteel, David W. Crowder
Summary: Pea plants grown with rhizobia exhibit reduced herbivory by Sitona lineatus due to increased expression of hormone-related and physical defenses. However, herbivory also disrupts the symbiosis between pea plants and rhizobia.
BASIC AND APPLIED ECOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Entomology
Andreisa Fabri Lima, Natalie M. Aguirre, Geraldo Andrade Carvalho, John M. Grunseich, Anjel M. Helms, Maria Fernanda G. V. Penaflor
Summary: Neonicotinoid seed treatment is a common practice worldwide to control insect pests in crops, but it can compromise plant defenses. This study evaluated the effect of thiamethoxam-neonicotinoid seed treatment on maize resistance against fall armyworm. The results showed that the treatment reduced the resistance of one maize genotype (B73), but had no effect on another genotype (MC 4050).
JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gopal S. Kallure, Archana Kumari, Balkrishna A. Shinde, Ashok P. Giri
Summary: There has been ongoing dynamic interactions between plants and insects for over 350 million years, where insects cause-specific feeding damage and invoke characteristic defense responses in plants through the release of oral secretions. The synthesis and function of these oral secretion components may depend on the host plant and associated microorganisms, leading to a continuous exchange of molecules between plants and feeding insects alongside the associated microorganisms. Understanding these complex interactions at a molecular level could help in designing eco-friendly crop protection strategies.
Article
Biology
Hai-Jian Huang, Xiao-Tian Yan, Zhong-Yan Wei, Yi-Zhe Wang, Jian-Ping Chen, Jun-Min Li, Zong-Tao Sun, Chuan-Xi Zhang
Summary: The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, is a notorious pest of soybean crops in Asia, secreting a mixture of salivary proteins that induce cell death and plant defense responses. A total of 136 salivary proteins were identified in this study using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-insect interactions. This research provides valuable insights for future studies on bug salivary effectors and pest management.
Article
Microbiology
Jie Wang, Charles J. Mason, Xueyang Ju, Rongrong Xue, Lu Tong, Michelle Peiffer, Yuanyuan Song, Rensen Zeng, Gary W. Felton
Summary: The study found that parasitism of the fall armyworm larvae by the braconid wasp significantly affected the gut microbiome and maize plant defense responses, including reducing Enterococcus abundance, increasing Pseudomonas abundance, and decreasing salivary glucose oxidase activity and plant defense responses.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Clara Martinez-Arias, Juan Sobrino-Plata, Luis Gil, Jesus Rodriguez-Calcerrada, Juan Antonio Martin
Summary: Research has shown that endophytes from different classes can activate the plant's immune and antioxidant systems, enhancing its resistance to pathogens. These endophytes promote the activation of plant defense genes and have a positive impact on defense responses.
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Hao Li, Zhihong Li, Zihua Zhao
Summary: Germs associated with insect eggs play a crucial role in mediating interactions between host plants and herbivores. In this study, it was found that the egg-associated germs induced defensive responses in tomato, resulting in increased levels of tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, and salicylic acid. The presence of lactococcus sp., brevundimonas sp., and vagococcus sp. bacteria were responsible for these effects. The presence of tannins and flavonoids had negative effects on the pupal biomass of the oriental fruit fly, while metabolome analysis revealed that the fly mainly induced metabolic changes in carboxylic acid derivatives.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Chase A. Stratton, Swayamjit Ray, Brosi A. Bradley, Jason P. Kaye, Jared G. Ali, Ebony G. Murrell
Summary: The study found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance maize defense response by increasing the expression of mpi and pr5, rather than solely increasing plant nitrogen and phosphorous content. Fertilization treatments did not alter the upregulation of induced defense genes, suggesting that the mechanism through which AMF upregulate defenses is not solely via increased plant nutrition.