Dually Crosslinked Polymer Networks Incorporating Dynamic Covalent Bonds

Natural biopolymer‐based hydrogels for use in food and agriculture

(2020) Miri Klein et al.   JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

Linear Viscoelasticity and Flow of Self-Assembled Vitrimers: The Case of a Polyethylene/Dioxaborolane System

(2020) Ralm G. Ricarte et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Adaptable Interlocking Macromolecular Networks with Homogeneous Architecture Made from Immiscible Single Networks

(2020) Wei Li Peng et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Exploring How Vitrimer-like Properties Can Be Achieved from Dissociative Exchange in Anilinium Salts

(2020) Progyateg Chakma et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Waste Rubber Recycling: A Review on the Evolution and Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers

(2020) Ali Fazli et al.   Materials

Dual dynamic bonds enable biocompatible and tough hydrogels with fast self-recoverable, self-healable and injectable properties

(2020) Zanru Guo et al.   CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL

Biopolymers for hydrogels in cosmetics: review

(2020) Stanisław Mitura et al.   JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE

Rheological Properties of Covalent Adaptable Networks with 1,2,3-Triazolium Cross-Links: The Missing Link between Vitrimers and Dissociative Networks

(2020) Antoine Jourdain et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Facile Preparation of Polyimine Vitrimers with Enhanced Creep Resistance and Thermal and Mechanical Properties via Metal Coordination

(2020) Sheng Wang et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Network Design to Control Polyimine Vitrimer Properties: Physical Versus Chemical Approach

(2020) Raymond Hajj et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Dynamic Curing Agents for Amine-Hardened Epoxy Vitrimers with Short (Re)processing Times

(2020) Yann Spiesschaert et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Vitrimers: Permanently crosslinked polymers with dynamic network topology

(2020) Nathan J. Van Zee et al.   PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE

Polyethylene vitrimers via silyl ether exchange reaction

(2020) Arkadiusz Zych et al.   POLYMER

Development of thiourethanes as robust, reprocessable networks

(2020) Zhibin Wen et al.   POLYMER

Dynamic Covalent Bonds in Polymeric Materials

(2019) Progyateg Chakma et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Rapid Stress Relaxation and Moderate Temperature of Malleability Enabled by the Synergy of Disulfide Metathesis and Carboxylate Transesterification in Epoxy Vitrimers

(2019) Mao Chen et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Integrating Sacrificial Bonds into Dynamic Covalent Networks toward Mechanically Robust and Malleable Elastomers

(2019) Yingjun Liu et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Using Synergistic Multiple Dynamic Bonds to Construct Polymers with Engineered Properties

(2019) Zhen Jiang et al.   MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

Mechanically Robust, Self-Healable, and Reprocessable Elastomers Enabled by Dynamic Dual Cross-Links

(2019) Yi Chen et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Weldable, malleable and programmable epoxy vitrimers with high mechanical properties and water insensitivity

(2019) Hanchao Liu et al.   CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL

Self-Healing Hydrogel with a Double Dynamic Network Comprising Imine and Borate Ester Linkages

(2019) Yongsan Li et al.   CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

Internal Catalysis in Covalent Adaptable Networks: Phthalate Monoester Transesterification As a Versatile Dynamic Cross-Linking Chemistry

(2019) Maarten Delahaye et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Dual Cross‐linked Vinyl Vitrimer with Efficient Self‐Catalysis Achieving Triple‐Shape‐Memory Properties

(2019) Xiling Niu et al.   MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

Polybutadiene Vitrimers Based on Dioxaborolane Chemistry and Dual Networks with Static and Dynamic Cross-links

(2019) Antoine Breuillac et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Status and future scope of plant-based green hydrogels in biomedical engineering

(2019) Reza Mohammadinejad et al.   Applied Materials Today

Liquid Crystalline Vitrimers with Full or Partial Boronic‐Ester Bond Exchange

(2019) Mohand O. Saed et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Reprocessable Thermoset Soft Actuators

(2019) Yang Yang et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Oxime Cross-Linked Alginate Hydrogels with Tunable Stress Relaxation

(2019) Héctor Sánchez-Morán et al.   BIOMACROMOLECULES

Adaptable Crosslinks in Polymeric Materials: Resolving the Intersection of Thermoplastics and Thermosets

(2019) Georg M. Scheutz et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Reprocessable Polymer Networks via Thiourethane Dynamic Chemistry: Recovery of Cross-link Density after Recycling and Proof-of-Principle Solvolysis Leading to Monomer Recovery

(2019) Lingqiao Li et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Block Copolymer Vitrimers

(2019) Jacob J. Lessard et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

A Hydrogel Crosslinked with Dynamic Covalent Bonding and Micellization for Promoting Burn Wound Healing

(2018) Ziyi Li et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Mechanically Robust, Self-Healable, and Highly Stretchable “Living” Crosslinked Polyurethane Based on a Reversible CC Bond

(2018) Ze Ping Zhang et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Self-healing polyurethane based on ditelluride bonds

(2018) Jia Liu et al.   APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE

Vitrimers Designed Both To Strongly Suppress Creep and To Recover Original Cross-Link Density after Reprocessing: Quantitative Theory and Experiments

(2018) Lingqiao Li et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Maximizing the symbiosis of static and dynamic bonds in self-healing boronic ester networks

(2018) Jessica J. Cash et al.   Polymer Chemistry

Reversible star assembly of polyolefins using interconversion between boroxine and boronic acid

(2018) Ryo Tanaka et al.   Polymer Chemistry

Programming a crystalline shape memory polymer network with thermo- and photo-reversible bonds toward a single-component soft robot

(2018) Binjie Jin et al.   Science Advances

Fluorinated vitrimer elastomers with a dual temperature response

(2018) Marc Guerre et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Reconfigurable LC Elastomers: Using a Thermally Programmable Monodomain To Access Two-Way Free-Standing Multiple Shape Memory Polymers

(2018) Zhibin Wen et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Architecture-transformable polymers: Reshaping the future of stimuli-responsive polymers

(2018) Hao Sun et al.   PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE

Rapidly Reprocessable Cross-Linked Polyhydroxyurethanes Based on Disulfide Exchange

(2018) David J. Fortman et al.   ACS Macro Letters

A readily programmable, fully reversible shape-switching material

(2018) Matthew K. McBride et al.   Science Advances

Reprocessable and Recyclable Crosslinked Polyethylene with Triple Shape Memory Effect

(2018) Fance Ji et al.   MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING

Reversible Shape Memory Polymer from Semicrystalline Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) with Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks

(2018) Yuan Gao et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Phase Separation and Self-Assembly in Vitrimers: Hierarchical Morphology of Molten and Semicrystalline Polyethylene/Dioxaborolane Maleimide Systems

(2018) Ralm G. Ricarte et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Structural effects on the reprocessability and stress relaxation of crosslinked polyhydroxyurethanes

(2017) David J. Fortman et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE

Synthesis and properties of room-temperature self-healing polyurethane elastomers

(2017) Xiaofei Wang et al.   Journal of Macromolecular Science Part A-Pure and Applied Chemistry

Recyclable polybutadiene elastomer based on dynamic imine bond

(2017) Huan Zhang et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY

A Multitasking Hydrogel Based on Double Dynamic Network with Quadruple-Stimuli Sensitiveness, Autonomic Self-Healing Property, and Biomimetic Adhesion Ability

(2017) Jiakai Chen et al.   MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

An Injectable Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogel with Tunable Mechanical Properties and Self-Healing Abilities

(2017) Yanan Wang et al.   MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

A Dual-Crosslinked Strategy to Construct Physical Hydrogels with High Strength, Toughness, Good Mechanical Recoverability, and Shape-Memory Ability

(2017) Zhihui Qin et al.   MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING

Doubly Dynamic Self-Healing Materials Based on Oxime Click Chemistry and Boronic Acids

(2017) Joe Collins et al.   MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

Eugenol-Derived Biobased Epoxy: Shape Memory, Repairing, and Recyclability

(2017) Tuan Liu et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Reprocessable polyhydroxyurethane networks exhibiting full property recovery and concurrent associative and dissociative dynamic chemistry via transcarbamoylation and reversible cyclic carbonate aminolysis

(2017) Xi Chen et al.   Polymer Chemistry

Self-healing polyurethane based on disulfide bond and hydrogen bond

(2017) Xiaoxia Jian et al.   POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES

Dynamic polysulfide shape memory networks derived from elemental sulfur and their dual thermo-/photo-induced solid-state plasticity

(2017) Shuhui Zhang et al.   REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS

High-performance vitrimers from commodity thermoplastics through dioxaborolane metathesis

(2017) Max Röttger et al.   SCIENCE

pH-Switchable and self-healable hydrogels based on ketone type acylhydrazone dynamic covalent bonds

(2017) Zanru Guo et al.   Soft Matter

Liquid crystalline epoxy networks with exchangeable disulfide bonds

(2017) Yuzhan Li et al.   Soft Matter

Chemical control of the viscoelastic properties of vinylogous urethane vitrimers

(2017) Wim Denissen et al.   Nature Communications

Photo-responsive liquid crystalline epoxy networks with exchangeable disulfide bonds

(2017) Yuzhan Li et al.   RSC Advances

Effect of Polymer Network Architecture, Enhancing Soft Materials Using Orthogonal Dynamic Bonds in an Interpenetrating Network

(2017) Elizabeth M. Foster et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Catalyst-Free Thermoset Polyurethane with Permanent Shape Reconfigurability and Highly Tunable Triple-Shape Memory Performance

(2017) Ning Zheng et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Ultrastretchable, Self-Healable Hydrogels Based on Dynamic Covalent Bonding and Triblock Copolymer Micellization

(2017) Peng Wang et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Photoresponsive Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Networks with Shape Memory Behavior and Dynamic Ester Bonds

(2016) Yuzhan Li et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Unconventional Tough Double-Network Hydrogels with Rapid Mechanical Recovery, Self-Healing, and Self-Gluing Properties

(2016) Haiyan Jia et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Thermoset Shape-Memory Polyurethane with Intrinsic Plasticity Enabled by Transcarbamoylation

(2016) Ning Zheng et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Repeatable mechanochemical activation of dynamic covalent bonds in thermoplastic elastomers

(2016) Keiichi Imato et al.   CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS

Experimental Binding Energies in Supramolecular Complexes

(2016) Frank Biedermann et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Supramolecular polymer networks: hydrogels and bulk materials

(2016) Lenny Voorhaar et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Improvement of Mechanical Strength and Fatigue Resistance of Double Network Hydrogels by Ionic Coordination Interactions

(2016) Qiang Chen et al.   CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

A review of shape memory polymers bearing reversible binding groups

(2016) Christopher L. Lewis et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS

Making and Remaking Dynamic 3D Structures by Shining Light on Flat Liquid Crystalline Vitrimer Films without a Mold

(2016) Yang Yang et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

A Novel Self-Healing Polyurethane Based on Disulfide Bonds

(2016) Yurun Xu et al.   MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

Reversible TAD Chemistry as a Convenient Tool for the Design of (Re)processable PCL-Based Shape-Memory Materials

(2016) Thomas Defize et al.   MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

Elucidating Dynamics of Precoordinated Ionic Bridges as Sacrificial Bonds in Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels

(2016) Jun Yang et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Silica–Epoxy Vitrimer Nanocomposites

(2016) Aurélie Legrand et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Triple-shape memory epoxy based on Diels–Alder adduct molecular switch

(2016) Xiao Kuang et al.   POLYMER

Multiple welding of long fiber epoxy vitrimer composites

(2016) Erwan Chabert et al.   Soft Matter

Vitrimers: permanent organic networks with glass-like fluidity

(2016) Wim Denissen et al.   Chemical Science

Orthogonal Control of the Dynamics of Supramolecular Gels from Heterotelechelic Associating Polymers

(2016) Jérémy Brassinne et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Exploring Dynamic Equilibrium of Diels–Alder Reaction for Solid State Plasticity in Remoldable Shape Memory Polymer Network

(2016) Guogao Zhang et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Anhydride-Based Reconfigurable Shape Memory Elastomers

(2016) Melodie I. Lawton et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Sunlight driven self-healing, reshaping and recycling of a robust, transparent and yellowing-resistant polymer

(2016) Wei Min Xu et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Epoxy resin with exchangeable disulfide crosslinks to obtain reprocessable, repairable and recyclable fiber-reinforced thermoset composites

(2016) Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga et al.   Materials Horizons

Shape memory polymer network with thermally distinct elasticity and plasticity

(2016) Q. Zhao et al.   Science Advances

Multifunctional Hydrogel with Good Structure Integrity, Self-Healing, and Tissue-Adhesive Property Formed by Combining Diels–Alder Click Reaction and Acylhydrazone Bond

(2015) Feng Yu et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers

(2015) Wim Denissen et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Weak Hydrogen Bonding Enables Hard, Strong, Tough, and Elastic Hydrogels

(2015) Xiaobo Hu et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Regional Shape Control of Strategically Assembled Multishape Memory Vitrimers

(2015) Zhiqiang Pei et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Mechanically Activated, Catalyst-Free Polyhydroxyurethane Vitrimers

(2015) David J. Fortman et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Enhancing Mechanical Performance of a Covalent Self-Healing Material by Sacrificial Noncovalent Bonds

(2015) James A. Neal et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Reprocessing and Recycling of Highly Cross-Linked Ion-Conducting Networks through Transalkylation Exchanges of C–N Bonds

(2015) Mona M. Obadia et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Preparation and self-healing behaviors of poly(acrylic acid)/cerium ions double network hydrogels

(2015) Hongwei Zhou et al.   MACROMOLECULAR RESEARCH

Classification, processing and application of hydrogels: A review

(2015) Faheem Ullah et al.   Materials Science & Engineering C-Materials for Biological Applications

Self-healing, malleable and creep limiting materials using both supramolecular and reversible covalent linkages

(2015) Borui Zhang et al.   Polymer Chemistry

Chemically crosslinked yet reprocessable epoxidized natural rubber via thermo-activated disulfide rearrangements

(2015) L. Imbernon et al.   Polymer Chemistry

Shape memory polymers: Past, present and future developments

(2015) Martin D. Hager et al.   PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE

Bioadhesive hydrogels for cosmetic applications

(2015) M. E. Parente et al.   INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE

Design and applications of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels. A review

(2014) Ecaterina Stela Dragan   CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL

A Dual-Cure, Solid-State Photoresist Combining a Thermoreversible Diels–Alder Network and a Chain Growth Acrylate Network

(2014) Gayla J. Berg et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Multiresponsive Polymer Hydrogels by Orthogonal Supramolecular Chain Cross-Linking

(2014) Sebastian Hackelbusch et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Materials both Tough and Soft

(2014) J. P. Gong   SCIENCE

Toughening Elastomers with Sacrificial Bonds and Watching Them Break

(2014) E. Ducrot et al.   SCIENCE

Polylactide Vitrimers

(2014) Jacob P. Brutman et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Hybrid Hydrogels with Extremely High Stiffness and Toughness

(2014) Jianyu Li et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Two-way shape memory polymer with “switch–spring” composition by interpenetrating polymer network

(2014) Y. Wu et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Stiff, strong, and tough hydrogels with good chemical stability

(2014) Jianyu Li et al.   Journal of Materials Chemistry B

Bio-Inspired High-Performance and Recyclable Cross-Linked Polymers

(2013) Shen Yu et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Covalent adaptable networks: smart, reconfigurable and responsive network systems

(2013) Christopher J. Kloxin et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Thermo- and pH-sensitive interpenetrating poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/carboxymethyl pullulan network for drug delivery

(2013) Ionela Asmarandei et al.   JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH

Mouldable liquid-crystalline elastomer actuators with exchangeable covalent bonds

(2013) Zhiqiang Pei et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Mechanical behavior of hybrid hydrogels composed of a physical and a chemical network

(2013) Jinkun Hao et al.   POLYMER

Double dynamic self-healing polymers: supramolecular and covalent dynamic polymers based on the bis-iminocarbohydrazide motif

(2013) Nabarun Roy et al.   POLYMER INTERNATIONAL

Inherently Photohealable and Thermal Shape-Memory Polydisulfide Networks

(2013) Brian T. Michal et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Catalyst-free room-temperature self-healing elastomers based on aromatic disulfide metathesis

(2013) Alaitz Rekondo et al.   Materials Horizons

Covalent Adaptable Networks: Reversible Bond Structures Incorporated in Polymer Networks

(2012) Christopher N. Bowman et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Hydrogels for Protein Delivery

(2012) Tina Vermonden et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymeric materials

(2012) Xuzhou Yan et al.   CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS

Olefin Metathesis for Effective Polymer Healing via Dynamic Exchange of Strong Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds

(2012) Yi-Xuan Lu et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Metal-Catalyzed Transesterification for Healing and Assembling of Thermosets

(2012) Mathieu Capelot et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Super tough double network hydrogels and their application as biomaterials

(2012) Md. Anamul Haque et al.   POLYMER

Self-healable and recyclable triple-shape PPDO–PTMEG co-network constructed through thermoreversible Diels–Alder reaction

(2012) Jingjing Zhang et al.   Polymer Chemistry

Recent advances in shape–memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applications

(2012) Jinlian Hu et al.   PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE

Functional Supramolecular Polymers

(2012) T. Aida et al.   SCIENCE

Design and properties of supramolecular polymer gels

(2012) Atsushi Noro et al.   Soft Matter

Catalytic Control of the Vitrimer Glass Transition

(2012) Mathieu Capelot et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Dynamic Hydrogels with an Environmental Adaptive Self-Healing Ability and Dual Responsive Sol–Gel Transitions

(2012) Guohua Deng et al.   ACS Macro Letters

Design properties of hydrogel tissue-engineering scaffolds

(2011) Junmin Zhu et al.   Expert Review of Medical Devices

Thermoreversibly Crosslinked Poly(ε-caprolactone) as Recyclable Shape-Memory Polymer Network

(2011) Thomas Defize et al.   MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

Self-Healing Materials Based on Disulfide Links

(2011) Judit Canadell et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Self-Healing Polymer Films Based on Thiol–Disulfide Exchange Reactions and Self-Healing Kinetics Measured Using Atomic Force Microscopy

(2011) Jeong Ae Yoon et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Shape-memory polymers and their composites: Stimulus methods and applications

(2011) Jinsong Leng et al.   PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE

Silica-Like Malleable Materials from Permanent Organic Networks

(2011) D. Montarnal et al.   SCIENCE

Dual stimuli responsive hollow nanogels with IPN structure for temperature controlling drug loading and pH triggering drug release

(2011) Zhimin Xing et al.   Soft Matter

Multifunctional Shape-Memory Polymers

(2010) Marc Behl et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Responsive Gels Based on a Dynamic Covalent Trithiocarbonate Cross-Linker

(2010) Renaud Nicolaÿ et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Amphiphilic Hydrogels with Covalently Attached Drugs and Fluorescent Markers

(2010) Caiping Lin et al.   MACROMOLECULES

Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs): A Unique Paradigm in Cross-Linked Polymers

(2010) Christopher J. Kloxin et al.   MACROMOLECULES

A fast pH-responsive IPN hydrogel: Synthesis and controlled drug delivery

(2010) Wen Wu et al.   REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS

Why are double network hydrogels so tough?

(2010) Jian Ping Gong   Soft Matter

Harnessing Labile Bonds between Nanogel Particles to Create Self-Healing Materials

(2009) German V. Kolmakov et al.   ACS Nano

Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture

(2009) Mark W. Tibbitt et al.   BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING

A dynamic covalent polymer driven by disulfidemetathesis under photoirradiation

(2009) Hideyuki Otsuka et al.   CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS

Recyclable shape-memory polymer: Poly(lactic acid) crosslinked by a thermoreversible Diels-Alder reaction

(2009) Kazuhiko Inoue et al.   JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE