Recent Progress in Understanding Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Lithium Metal Anodes

Operando Gas Monitoring of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Reactions on Lithium

(2020) Gustavo M Hobold et al.   CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

Real-time mass spectrometric characterization of the solid–electrolyte interphase of a lithium-ion battery

(2020) Yufan Zhou et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

The Failure of Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Li Metal Anode: Structural Uniformity or Mechanical Strength?

(2020) Xin Shen et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Building Artificial Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase with Uniform Intermolecular Ionic Bonds toward Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes

(2020) Zhijie Wang et al.   ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

Li2O Solid Electrolyte Interphase: Probing Transport Properties at the Chemical Potential of Lithium

(2020) Rui Guo et al.   CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

Advanced Electrolytes for Fast‐Charging High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Wide‐Temperature Range

(2020) Xianhui Zhang et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Galvanic Corrosion of Lithium‐Powder‐Based Electrodes

(2020) Aleksei Kolesnikov et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Resolving Nanoscopic and Mesoscopic Heterogeneity of Fluorinated Species in Battery Solid-Electrolyte Interphases by Cryogenic Electron Microscopy

(2020) William Huang et al.   ACS Energy Letters

Effects of Atmospheric Gases on Li Metal Cyclability and Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation

(2020) Evelyna Wang et al.   ACS Energy Letters

Current Density Regulated Atomic to Nanoscale Process on Li Deposition and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Revealed by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy

(2020) Yaobin Xu et al.   ACS Nano

Understanding and applying coulombic efficiency in lithium metal batteries

(2020) Jie Xiao et al.   Nature Energy

Molecular design for electrolyte solvents enabling energy-dense and long-cycling lithium metal batteries

(2020) Zhiao Yu et al.   Nature Energy

Modeling the Interface between Lithium Metal and Its Native Oxide

(2020) Jeffrey S. Lowe et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Regulating Anions in the Solvation Sheath of Lithium Ions for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries

(2019) Xue-Qiang Zhang et al.   ACS Energy Letters

High electronic conductivity as the origin of lithium dendrite formation within solid electrolytes

(2019) Fudong Han et al.   Nature Energy

Advances and issues in developing salt-concentrated battery electrolytes

(2019) Yuki Yamada et al.   Nature Energy

High-Concentration Ether Electrolytes for Stable High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries

(2019) Xiaodi Ren et al.   ACS Energy Letters

Polymer–inorganic solid–electrolyte interphase for stable lithium metal batteries under lean electrolyte conditions

(2019) Yue Gao et al.   NATURE MATERIALS

Lithium Diffusion Mechanism through Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) In Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

(2019) Ajaykrishna Ramasubramanian et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

LiPF6 stabilizer and transition metal cation scavenger: a bi-functional bipyridine-based ligand for lithium ion batteries application

(2019) Hao Jia et al.   CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

Cross Talk between Transition Metal Cathode and Li Metal Anode: Unraveling Its Influence on the Deposition/Dissolution Behavior and Morphology of Lithium

(2019) Johannes Betz et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

Uniform High Ionic Conducting Lithium Sulfide Protection Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anode

(2019) Hao Chen et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

High-energy lithium metal pouch cells with limited anode swelling and long stable cycles

(2019) Chaojiang Niu et al.   Nature Energy

Fluorine and Lithium: Ideal Partners for High-Performance Rechargeable Battery Electrolytes

(2019) N. von Aspern et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Evolution of the Solid–Electrolyte Interphase on Carbonaceous Anodes Visualized by Atomic-Resolution Cryogenic Electron Microscopy

(2019) William Huang et al.   NANO LETTERS

Improving cyclability of Li metal batteries at elevated temperatures and its origin revealed by cryo-electron microscopy

(2019) Jiangyan Wang et al.   Nature Energy

Long cycle life and dendrite-free lithium morphology in anode-free lithium pouch cells enabled by a dual-salt liquid electrolyte

(2019) Rochelle Weber et al.   Nature Energy

How Transition Metals Enable Electron Transfer through the SEI: Part II. Redox-Cycling Mechanism Model and Experiment

(2019) Oliver C. Harris et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

How Transition Metals Enable Electron Transfer through the SEI: Part I. Experiments and Butler-Volmer Modeling

(2019) Oliver C. Harris et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

Atomic Structure of Electrochemically Deposited Lithium Metal and Its Solid Electrolyte Interphases Revealed by Cryo–electron Microscopy

(2019) Yaobin Xu et al.   MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS

Quantifying inactive lithium in lithium metal batteries

(2019) Chengcheng Fang et al.   NATURE

Identifying the components of the solid–electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries

(2019) Luning Wang et al.   Nature Chemistry

Monolithic solid–electrolyte interphases formed in fluorinated orthoformate-based electrolytes minimize Li depletion and pulverization

(2019) Xia Cao et al.   Nature Energy

Li Alginate-Based Artificial SEI Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes

(2019) Yicheng Zhong et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Distinct Nanoscale Interphases and Morphology of Lithium Metal Electrodes Operating at Low Temperatures

(2019) Akila C. Thenuwara et al.   NANO LETTERS

All-temperature batteries enabled by fluorinated electrolytes with non-polar solvents

(2019) Xiulin Fan et al.   Nature Energy

Self-Stabilized and Strongly Adhesive Supramolecular Polymer Protective Layer Enables Ultrahigh-Rate and Large-Capacity Lithium-Metal Anode

(2019) Gang Wang et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

In-situ EC-AFM and ex-situ XPS characterization to investigate the mechanism of SEI formation in highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte for Li-ion batteries

(2019) Haitao Zhang et al.   APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE

Atomic to Nanoscale Origin of Vinylene Carbonate Enhanced Cycling Stability of Lithium Metal Anode Revealed by Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy

(2019) Yaobin Xu et al.   NANO LETTERS

The intrinsic behavior of lithium fluoride in solid electrolyte interphases on lithium

(2019) Mingfu He et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

High-Voltage Lithium-Metal Batteries Enabled by Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes

(2018) Shuru Chen et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

A Flexible Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer for Long-Life Lithium Metal Anodes

(2018) Nian-Wu Li et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Long-Chain Li and Na Alkyl Carbonates as Solid Electrolyte Interphase Components: Structure, Ion Transport, and Mechanical Properties

(2018) Lukas Schafzahl et al.   CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

Phase-field modeling of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) influence on Li dendritic behavior

(2018) Vitaliy Yurkiv et al.   ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA

Effect of electrolyte on the nanostructure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and performance of lithium metal anodes

(2018) Sunhyung Jurng et al.   Energy & Environmental Science

A propylene carbonate based gel polymer electrolyte for extended cycle life and improved safety performance of lithium ion batteries

(2018) Hao Jia et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Ultrahigh Performance All Solid-State Lithium Sulfur Batteries: Salt Anion's Chemistry-Induced Anomalous Synergistic Effect

(2018) Gebrekidan Gebresilassie Eshetu et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Reduction Reactions of Electrolyte Salts for Lithium Ion Batteries: LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiDFOB, LiBOB, and LiTFSI

(2018) Bharathy S. Parimalam et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

Non-flammable electrolyte enables Li-metal batteries with aggressive cathode chemistries

(2018) Xiulin Fan et al.   Nature Nanotechnology

High-capacity rechargeable batteries based on deeply cyclable lithium metal anodes

(2018) Qiuwei Shi et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Fluorine-donating electrolytes enable highly reversible 5-V-class Li metal batteries

(2018) Liumin Suo et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Extremely Stable Sodium Metal Batteries Enabled by Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes

(2018) Jianming Zheng et al.   ACS Energy Letters

Stable cycling of high-voltage lithium metal batteries in ether electrolytes

(2018) Shuhong Jiao et al.   Nature Energy

Highly Fluorinated Interphases Enable High-Voltage Li-Metal Batteries

(2018) Xiulin Fan et al.   Chem

Localized High-Concentration Sulfone Electrolytes for High-Efficiency Lithium-Metal Batteries

(2018) Xiaodi Ren et al.   Chem

Lithium Nitrate Solvation Chemistry in Carbonate Electrolyte Sustains High-Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries

(2018) Chong Yan et al.   ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Lithium metal stripping beneath the solid electrolyte interphase

(2018) Feifei Shi et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Flexible-Rigid Coupling Composite Network for LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 /Li Metal Batteries

(2018) Jingchao Chai et al.   Small

Solubility-mediated sustained release enabling nitrate additive in carbonate electrolytes for stable lithium metal anode

(2018) Yayuan Liu et al.   Nature Communications

Langmuir–Blodgett artificial solid-electrolyte interphases for practical lithium metal batteries

(2018) Mun Sek Kim et al.   Nature Energy

Flexible Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formed by 1,3-Dioxolane Oxidation and Polymerization for Metallic Lithium Anodes

(2018) Cheng Li et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

A Novel Organic “Polyurea” Thin Film for Ultralong-Life Lithium-Metal Anodes via Molecular-Layer Deposition

(2018) Yipeng Sun et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

In Situ Solid Electrolyte Interphase from Spray Quenching on Molten Li: A New Way to Construct High-Performance Lithium-Metal Anodes

(2018) Sufu Liu et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Before Li Ion Batteries

(2018) Martin Winter et al.   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Changing Established Belief on Capacity Fade Mechanisms: Thorough Investigation of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM111) under High Voltage Conditions

(2017) Johannes Kasnatscheew et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Conductivity, Viscosity, and Their Correlation of a Super-Concentrated Aqueous Electrolyte

(2017) Michael S. Ding et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Effects of contaminant water on coulombic efficiency of lithium deposition/dissolution reactions in tetraglyme-based electrolytes

(2017) Hiroyuki Koshikawa et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Surface Fluorination of Reactive Battery Anode Materials for Enhanced Stability

(2017) Jie Zhao et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Lithium Metal Anodes with an Adaptive “Solid-Liquid” Interfacial Protective Layer

(2017) Kai Liu et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Revealing Nanoscale Passivation and Corrosion Mechanisms of Reactive Battery Materials in Gas Environments

(2017) Yuzhang Li et al.   NANO LETTERS

Atomic structure of sensitive battery materials and interfaces revealed by cryo–electron microscopy

(2017) Yuzhang Li et al.   SCIENCE

Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy observation of lithium metal growth and dissolution: Root growth, dead lithium and lithium flotsams

(2017) Akihiro Kushima et al.   Nano Energy

Synergism of Al-containing solid electrolyte interphase layer and Al-based colloidal particles for stable lithium anode

(2017) Huan Ye et al.   Nano Energy

Research Progress towards Understanding the Unique Interfaces between Concentrated Electrolytes and Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

(2017) Jianming Zheng et al.   Advanced Science

Guided Lithium Metal Deposition and Improved Lithium Coulombic Efficiency through Synergistic Effects of LiAsF6 and Cyclic Carbonate Additives

(2017) Xiaodi Ren et al.   ACS Energy Letters

A facile surface chemistry route to a stabilized lithium metal anode

(2017) Xiao Liang et al.   Nature Energy

Electrolyte additive enabled fast charging and stable cycling lithium metal batteries

(2017) Jianming Zheng et al.   Nature Energy

Stitching h-BN by atomic layer deposition of LiF as a stable interface for lithium metal anode

(2017) Jin Xie et al.   Science Advances

In-Depth Interfacial Chemistry and Reactivity Focused Investigation of Lithium–Imide- and Lithium–Imidazole-Based Electrolytes

(2016) Gebrekidan Gebresilassie Eshetu et al.   ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

An Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase with High Li-Ion Conductivity, Mechanical Strength, and Flexibility for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes

(2016) Yayuan Liu et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Vinylene Carbonate Reduction: Understanding Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Additives and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation

(2016) Alison L. Michan et al.   CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

Natural abundance 17 O, 6 Li NMR and molecular modeling studies of the solvation structures of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide/1,2-dimethoxyethane liquid electrolytes

(2016) Chuan Wan et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Unraveling transition metal dissolution of Li 1.04 Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NCM 111) in lithium ion full cells by using the total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique

(2016) Marco Evertz et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Dynamics and morphology of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)

(2016) Fabian Single et al.   PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS

Decomposition of the fluoroethylene carbonate additive and the glue effect of lithium fluoride products for the solid electrolyte interphase: an ab initio study

(2016) Yukihiro Okuno et al.   PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS

Superconcentrated electrolytes for a high-voltage lithium-ion battery

(2016) Jianhui Wang et al.   Nature Communications

Highly Stable Operation of Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by the Formation of a Transient High-Concentration Electrolyte Layer

(2016) Jianming Zheng et al.   Advanced Energy Materials

High-Performance Lithium Metal Negative Electrode with a Soft and Flowable Polymer Coating

(2016) Guangyuan Zheng et al.   ACS Energy Letters

Design principles for electrolytes and interfaces for stable lithium-metal batteries

(2016) Mukul D. Tikekar et al.   Nature Energy

Next-Generation Lithium Metal Anode Engineering via Atomic Layer Deposition

(2015) Alexander C. Kozen et al.   ACS Nano

An Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes

(2015) Nian-Wu Li et al.   ADVANCED MATERIALS

Component-/structure-dependent elasticity of solid electrolyte interphase layer in Li-ion batteries: Experimental and computational studies

(2015) Hosop Shin et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

General method to predict voltage-dependent ionic conduction in a solid electrolyte coating on electrodes

(2015) Jie Pan et al.   PHYSICAL REVIEW B

"Water-in-salt" electrolyte enables high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion chemistries

(2015) L. Suo et al.   SCIENCE

High rate and stable cycling of lithium metal anode

(2015) Jiangfeng Qian et al.   Nature Communications

The synergetic effect of lithium polysulfide and lithium nitrate to prevent lithium dendrite growth

(2015) Weiyang Li et al.   Nature Communications

Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

(2014) Kang Xu   CHEMICAL REVIEWS

Why Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide Is a “Magic Anion” for Electrochemistry

(2014) Ilya A. Shkrob et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Manganese in Graphite Anode and Capacity Fade in Li Ion Batteries

(2014) Ilya A. Shkrob et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Novel dual-salts electrolyte solution for dendrite-free lithium-metal based rechargeable batteries with high cycle reversibility

(2014) Rongrong Miao et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Unusual Stability of Acetonitrile-Based Superconcentrated Electrolytes for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries

(2014) Yuki Yamada et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals as Stable Interfacial Layer for Improvement of Lithium Metal Anode

(2014) Kai Yan et al.   NANO LETTERS

3D visualization of inhomogeneous multi-layered structure and Young's modulus of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on silicon anodes for lithium ion batteries

(2014) Jieyun Zheng et al.   PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS

Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries

(2013) Wu Xu et al.   Energy & Environmental Science

Understanding Transition-Metal Dissolution Behavior in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 High-Voltage Spinel for Lithium Ion Batteries

(2013) Nicholas P. W. Pieczonka et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experimental Study of Lithium Ion Transport in Dilithium Ethylene Dicarbonate

(2013) Oleg Borodin et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Defect Thermodynamics and Diffusion Mechanisms in Li2CO3 and Implications for the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Li-Ion Batteries

(2013) Siqi Shi et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Characterization of the solid electrolyte interphase on lithium anode for preventing the shuttle mechanism in lithium–sulfur batteries

(2013) Shizhao Xiong et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism

(2013) Fei Ding et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Effects of Carbonate Solvents and Lithium Salts on Morphology and Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium Electrode

(2013) Fei Ding et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

An Efficient Polymer Molecular Sieve for Membrane Gas Separations

(2013) M. Carta et al.   SCIENCE

Mn(II) deposition on anodes and its effects on capacity fade in spinel lithium manganate–carbon systems

(2013) Chun Zhan et al.   Nature Communications

Correlating Li+ Solvation Sheath Structure with Interphasial Chemistry on Graphite

(2012) Arthur von Wald Cresce et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Suppression of aluminum corrosion by using high concentration LiTFSI electrolyte

(2012) Kazuaki Matsumoto et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Direct Calculation of Li-Ion Transport in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase

(2012) Siqi Shi et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Solvent Oligomerization during SEI Formation on Model Systems for Li-Ion Battery Anodes

(2012) Hadi Tavassol et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

Preferential Solvation of Li+ Directs Formation of Interphase on Graphitic Anode

(2011) Arthur von Cresce et al.   ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS

Lithium transport within the solid electrolyte interphase

(2011) Peng Lu et al.   ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS

Electrical and Lithium Ion Dynamics in Three Main Components of Solid Electrolyte Interphase from Density Functional Theory Study

(2011) Y. C. Chen et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Change from Glyme Solutions to Quasi-ionic Liquids for Binary Mixtures Consisting of Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide and Glymes

(2011) Kazuki Yoshida et al.   Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Effect of the atmosphere on chemical composition and electrochemical properties of solid electrolyte interface on electrodeposited Li metal

(2011) Toshiyuki Momma et al.   JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

Oxidative-Stability Enhancement and Charge Transport Mechanism in Glyme–Lithium Salt Equimolar Complexes

(2011) Kazuki Yoshida et al.   JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

A High Precision Coulometry Study of the SEI Growth in Li/Graphite Cells

(2011) A. J. Smith et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

Investigation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formed by Fluoroethylene Carbonate on Si Electrodes

(2011) Hideki Nakai et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

Resolution of the Modulus versus Adhesion Dilemma in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries

(2011) G. M. Stone et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

Interaction of Li+ ions with ethylene carbonate (EC): Density functional theory calculations

(2010) Mahesh Datt Bhatt et al.   APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE

Investigation of solvation in lithium ion battery electrolytes by NMR spectroscopy

(2010) Li Yang et al.   JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS

Transport and Electrochemical Properties and Spectral Features of Non-Aqueous Electrolytes Containing LiFSI in Linear Carbonate Solvents

(2010) Lifei Li et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

Differentiating Contributions to “Ion Transfer” Barrier from Interphasial Resistance and Li+Desolvation at Electrolyte/Graphite Interface

(2010) Kang Xu et al.   LANGMUIR

Examining the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Binder-Free Graphite Electrodes

(2009) Ang Xiao et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

On the Surface Chemical Aspects of Very High Energy Density, Rechargeable Li–Sulfur Batteries

(2009) Doron Aurbach et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY

The Solid Electrolyte Interphase – The Most Important and the Least Understood Solid Electrolyte in Rechargeable Li Batteries

(2009) Martin Winter   ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL PHYSICS

The Effect of Vinylene Carbonate Additive on Surface Film Formation on Both Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries

(2008) L. El Ouatani et al.   JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY