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Probing Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of γ-Secretase in Alzheimer's Disease

MOLECULES (2021)

Journal

MOLECULES

Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages -

Publisher

MDPI

DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020388

Keywords

protease; amyloid; Alzheimer’ s disease; inhibitors; modulators

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MDPI

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Abstract

The membrane-embedded gamma-secretase complex cleaves nearly 150 different membrane protein substrates within the lipid bilayer, with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) being the most studied substrate due to its link to Alzheimer's disease. Mutations in APP and the catalytic component of gamma-secretase have been shown to cause familial AD. Chemical probes and drug-like inhibitors of gamma-secretase activity play a crucial role in exploring the potential of the protease as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.

The membrane-embedded gamma-secretase complex carries out hydrolysis within the lipid bilayer in proteolyzing nearly 150 different membrane protein substrates. Among these substrates, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been the most studied, as generation of aggregation-prone amyloid beta-protein (A beta) is a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in APP and in presenilin, the catalytic component of gamma-secretase, cause familial AD, strong evidence for a pathogenic role of A beta. Substrate-based chemical probes-synthetic peptides and peptidomimetics-have been critical to unraveling the complexity of gamma-secretase, and small drug-like inhibitors and modulators of gamma-secretase activity have been essential for exploring the potential of the protease as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Such chemical probes and therapeutic prototypes will be reviewed here, with concluding commentary on the future directions in the study of this biologically important protease complex and the translation of basic findings into therapeutics.

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The action of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors on ?-amyloid pathology and cognition in experimental Alzheimer?s disease: A systematic review

Alberto Fernando Oliveira Justo, Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano, Daniela Souza Farias-Itao, Claudia Kimie Suemoto

Summary: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, and the deposition of beta-amyloid in the brain is partially responsible for its etiology. Despite extensive research, current treatments for AD are ineffective. This study systematically reviewed the use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) in rodent models with beta-amyloid accumulation and found that PDE5i was efficient in reducing beta-amyloid levels in the hippocampi and preventing cognitive decline. However, further experimental studies are needed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of PDE5i in beta-amyloid removal in both male and female animals.

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