Delayed Administration of Antibiotics Beyond the First Hour of Recognition Is Associated with Increased Mortality Rates in Children with Sepsis/Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Objective To compare the risk of mortality and other clinical outcomes in children with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock who received antibiotics within the first hour of recognition (early antibiotics group) with those who received antibiotics after the first hour (delayed antibiotics group). Study design In this prospective cohort study, we enrolled children <17 years of age presenting to the pediatric emergency and diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock without prior antibiotic therapy. Primary outcome was mortality and the secondary outcomes were day 1 Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction score, ventilator-free days, and hospital-free days. These outcomes were compared between the early and the delayed antibiotic groups. The reference point for defining early and delayed antibiotic groups was time 0, which was measured from the time the patient was diagnosed to have sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock to the time of administration of the first dose of antibiotics. Results About three-fourths (77%) of the 441 children enrolled had septic shock. A total of 241 (55%) and 200 (45%) children were in the delayed and early antibiotic groups, respectively. Children in the delayed group had significantly higher odds of mortality than those in the early group (29% vs 20%; aOR 1.83; 95% CI, 1.14-2.92; P = .01). The time to shock reversal was significantly shorter, and the ventilator-free days and hospital-free days were significantly greater, in the early antibiotic group. There was no difference between the groups with regard to any of the other clinical outcomes. Conclusions Delayed administration of antibiotics beyond 1 hour of recognition was associated with higher mortality rates in children with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. Antibiotics should be administered within the first hour, along with other resuscitative measures, in these children.

Automated summary

Delayed administration of antibiotics beyond 1 hour of recognition was associated with higher mortality rates in children with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. Early administration of antibiotics within the first hour is recommended to improve clinical outcomes.