4.6 Article

Improved Balancing and Sensing of Submodule Capacitor Voltages in Modular Multilevel Converter

Journal

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
Volume 57, Issue 1, Pages 537-548

Publisher

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3026664

Keywords

Capacitors; Voltage control; Voltage measurement; Sorting; Sensors; Decentralized control; Voltage-controlled oscillators; Balancing of capacitor voltages; decentralized control of MMC; modular multilevel converters (MMCs); sensing of submodule capacitor voltages

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This article introduces a new method for capacitor voltage sensing and sorting algorithm that eliminates the need for sensor calibration. The simplified sorting technique and decentralized control arrangement greatly simplify the capacitor voltage balancing and control for MMC.
The submodule capacitor voltage sensing and balancing is necessary for proper operation of modular multilevel converters (MMC). Voltage controlled oscillator is used for capacitor voltage measurement in the reported literature where voltage sensor is required to be calibrated. In this article, a voltage sensing method that does not need calibration of individual voltage sensors is used for capacitor voltage measurement. Moreover, a simplified sorting algorithm is employed for capacitor voltage balancing. A method of sorting the capacitor voltages that selects the submodules to be inserted directly based on logic equations is used as compared to the conventional methods of arranging them in ascending or descending order. This facilitates to simplifying the sorting technique and the scheme is easy to implement using any controller. Furthermore, to simplify the overall MMC control, the decentralized control arrangement is developed. Fairly good capacitor voltage balancing is obtained. The proposed balancing and sensing schemes of submodule capacitors are validated on a three-phase seven-level MMC hardware prototype with six submodules per arm. The prototype is tested for different operating conditions such as precharging, circulating current control, and grid connected operation of MMC.

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