Article
Immunology
Ali Hajeer, Dunia Jawdat, Salam Massadeh, Nora Aljawini, Malak S. Abedalthagafi, Yaseen M. Arabi, Manal Alaamery
Summary: The KIR2DS4 and KIR3DL1 genes are associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease, with the AA genotype being more common in severe cases.
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fanny Pojero, Giuseppina Candore, Calogero Caruso, Danilo Di Bona, David A. Groneberg, Mattia E. Ligotti, Giulia Accardi, Anna Aiello
Summary: COVID-19, induced by SARS-CoV-2, manifests a spectrum of clinical symptoms, with genetic variants in immunogenetics potentially playing a significant role in disease evolution and treatment. Researchers are investigating the impact of these variants on disease progression, aiming to improve patient outcomes through personalized therapeutic strategies and drug repurposing.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jessica F. C. Cordeiro, Talita M. Fernandes, Diana M. Toro, Pedro da Silva-Neto, Vinicius E. Pimentel, Malena M. Perez, Jonatan C. S. de Carvalho, Thais F. C. Fraga-Silva, Camilla N. S. Oliveira, Jamille G. M. Argolo, Augusto M. Degiovani, Fatima M. Ostini, Enrico F. Puginna, Joao S. da Silva, Isabel K. F. M. Santos, Vania L. D. Bonato, Cristina R. B. Cardoso, Marcelo Dias-Baruffi, Lucia H. Faccioli, Eduardo A. Donadi, Carlos A. Sorgi, Ana P. M. Fernandes
Summary: The study evaluated the levels of plasma soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. The results showed increased levels of sHLA-G in COVID-19 patients, which correlated with disease severity. However, the levels decreased in critically ill patients, possibly indicating immune exhaustion. sHLA-G also exhibited positive correlation with other disease mediators IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Jae Seok Kim, Jun Young Lee, Jae Won Yang, Keum Hwa Lee, Maria Effenberger, Wladimir Szpirt, Andreas Kronbichler, Jae Il Shin
Summary: Severe COVID-19 is characterized by systemic hyper-inflammation and cytokine storm, often leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Treatment of COVID-19 cytokine storm is crucial, with anti-inflammatory therapies playing a significant role. Various approaches are being used, including new cytokine-targeted therapies, to address the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Yaqun Li, Wenjie Zhao, Jinhua Liu, Zichao Chen, Qingtao Lv, Zhen Zhang
Summary: COVID-19 pneumonia, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has disrupted the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory response, leading to a need to neutralize cytokine storm. Current treatments focus on vaccines for prevention and immunomodulatory therapies to alleviate immune imbalance, with antiviral drugs and respiratory support as clinical options.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthew D. Galbraith, Kohl T. Kinning, Kelly D. Sullivan, Paula Araya, Keith P. Smith, Ross E. Granrath, Jessica R. Shaw, Ryan Baxter, Kimberly R. Jordan, Seth Russell, Monika Dzieciatkowska, Julie A. Reisz, Fabia Gamboni, Francesca Cendali, Tusharkanti Ghosh, Kejun Guo, Cara C. Wilson, Mario L. Santiago, Andrew A. Monte, Tellen D. Bennett, Kirk C. Hansen, Elena W. Y. Hsieh, Angelo D'Alessandro, Joaquin M. Espinosa
Summary: The impacts of IFN signaling on COVID-19 pathology are diverse, with both protective and harmful effects. Different types of IFNs are associated with specific biosignatures and have unique metabolic signatures. They also show differential relationships with clinical markers of prognosis and disease severity.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Fataneh Tavasolian, Mohsen Rashidi, Gholam Reza Hatam, Marjan Jeddi, Ahmad Zavaran Hosseini, Sayed Hussain Mosawi, Elham Abdollahi, Robert D. Inman
Summary: The appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in December 2019 led to the COVID-19 pandemic, but some regions in Africa have reported fewer cases and lower mortality rates. Research suggests that individual HLA alleles may play a role in susceptibility to the virus. Analyzing HLA in COVID-19 cases could help identify high-risk individuals and understand differences in epidemic patterns between countries.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Charles Ochieng' Olwal, Nora Nghuchuzie Nganyewo, Kesego Tapela, Alexandra Lindsey Djomkam Zune, Oloche Owoicho, Yaw Bediako, Samuel Duodu
Summary: Sepsis and COVID-19 share many pathophysiological and clinical features, both leading to consumptive thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, respiratory failure, among other complications. Therefore, lessons learned from sepsis care could potentially inform on COVID-19 management.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Juan Francisco Gutierrez-Bautista, Antonio Rodriguez-Nicolas, Antonio Rosales-Castillo, Miguel Angel Lopez-Ruz, Antonia Maria Martin-Casares, Alonso Fernandez-Rubiales, Per Anderson, Federico Garrido, Francisco Ruiz-Cabello, Miguel Angel Lopez-Nevot
Summary: The study found no relationship between HLA polymorphisms and susceptibility or protection to COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2022)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Stalinraja Maruthamuthu, Karan Rajalingam, Navchetan Kaur, Maelig G. Morvan, Jair Soto, Nancy Lee, Denice Kong, Zicheng Hu, Kevin Reyes, Dianna Ng, Atul J. Butte, Charles Chiu, Raja Rajalingam
Summary: Individualized KIR and HLA-I ligand combinations can impact the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Absence of specific KIR-HLA combinations may lead to inadequate NK cell function, while an increased frequency of activating receptors KIR2DS1(+)KIR2DS5(+) is associated with severe COVID-19.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Alice H. Grant, Armando Estrada III, Yoshira M. Ayala-Marin, America Y. Alvidrez-Camacho, Georgialina Rodriguez, Elisa Robles-Escajeda, Denisse A. Cadena-Medina, Alejandro C. Rodriguez, Robert A. Kirken
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a global pandemic with devastating health and economic consequences. Immunologically, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 are traced back to a cytokine storm that activates the JAK-STAT pathway. Therapeutic strategies to combat the SARS-CoV-2 mediated storm focus on cell signaling and JAK inhibition.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Nicole Paland, Antonina Pechkovsky, Miran Aswad, Haya Hamza, Tania Popov, Eduardo Shahar, Igal Louria-Hayon
Summary: COVID-19, caused by the novel RNA betacoronavirus SARS-CoV2, originated in Wuhan, China and has become a global pandemic with over 99 million cases and 2.1 million deaths. Severe cases require respiratory support due to respiratory failure, with most symptoms related to hyperinflammation. Treatments are still under clinical trials, highlighting the need for new anti-inflammatory therapies.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Antonio Amoroso, Paola Magistroni, Francesca Vespasiano, Antonino Bella, Stefania Bellino, Francesca Puoti, Silvia Alizzi, Tiziana Vaisitti, Stefano Boros, Paolo Antonio Grossi, Silvia Trapani, Letizia Lombardini, Patrizio Pezzotti, Silvia Deaglio, Silvio Brusaferro, Massimo Cardillo
Summary: The study suggests that HLA antigens may influence SARS-CoV-2 infection and the clinical evolution of COVID-19, while individuals with blood group A are at a greater risk of infection. These findings provide insights into the spread of the disease and may offer indications for infection prognosis and vaccination strategies.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Qian-Fang Meng, Rui Tian, Haiyi Long, Xianjia Wu, Jialin Lai, Olga Zharkova, Jiong-Wei Wang, Xiaoyuan Chen, Lang Rao
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had a significant impact on the global economy and daily life. Some patients develop severe symptoms and complications due to a cytokine storm induced by the virus. While neutralizing antibodies targeting inflammatory cytokines show promise, challenges remain in their application, sparking interest in new biomaterials and nanotechnology for potential therapeutic advancements. Researchers are working towards developing novel treatments to effectively manage COVID-19 and other inflammatory diseases.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anna Lebedeva, Ivan Molodtsov, Alexandra Anisimova, Anastasia Berestovskaya, Oleg Dukhin, Antonina Elizarova, Wendy Fitzgerald, Darya Fomina, Kseniya Glebova, Oxana Ivanova, Anna Kalinskaya, Anastasia Lebedeva, Maryana Lysenko, Elena Maryukhnich, Elena Misyurina, Denis Protsenko, Alexander Rosin, Olga Sapozhnikova, Denis Sokorev, Alexander Shpektor, Daria Vorobyeva, Elena Vasilieva, Leonid Margolis
Summary: COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) and those without formed distinct clusters based on their cytokine concentrations. However, the administration of tocilizumab therapy did not fully correspond to these CSS clusters. IL-1RA was found to be prognostically significant in both groups and may be useful in defining the onset of a cytokine storm and indicating anti-cytokine therapy in COVID-19.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Faviel F. Gonzalez-Galarza, Antony McCabe, Eduardo J. Melo dos Santos, Andrew R. Jones, Derek Middleton
Summary: The extensive allelic variability observed in various genes related to the immune response has led to the analysis of these variants among individuals. The Allele Frequency Net Database contains data on the frequency of immune related genes and their alleles from worldwide population samples, with a focus on the highly-polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. This article provides insight into the high diversity found in the HLA region by examining population data sets stored in AFND.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Layanna Freitas de Oliveira, Amanda Araujo Serrao de Andrade, Carla Pagliari, Leda Viegas de Carvalho, Taiana S. Silveira, Jedson Ferreira Cardoso, Andre Luiz Teles e Silva, Janaina Mota de Vasconcelos, Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes, Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano, Marcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Joao Lidio da Silva Goncalves Vianez Junior
Summary: The study analyzed the microRNA expression profile in the liver tissue of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases, revealing differential expression of certain microRNAs such as miR-126-5p, miR-122-5p, and miR-146a-5p. These microRNAs are involved in several crucial biological processes during DHF liver pathogenesis, including endothelial repair, vascular permeability regulation, homeostasis control, and inflammatory cytokine expression.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Kelly Nunes, Maria Helena Thomaz Maia, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Sidney Emanuel Batista dos Santos, Joao Farias Guerreiro, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, Gabriel Bedoya, Carla Gallo, Giovanni Poletti, Elena Llop, Luiza Tsuneto, Maria Catira Bortolini, Francisco Rothhammer, Richard Single, Andres Ruiz-Linares, Jorge Rocha, Diogo Meyer
Summary: The study found that differentiation at HLA genes is greater in the MHC region compared to the rest of the genome, contrary to expectations, suggesting that balancing selection increases population differentiation.
Review
Microbiology
Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres, Carlos David Araujo Bichara, Maria de Nazare do Socorro de Almeida, Mariana Cayres Vallinoto, Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Carlos Alberto Marques de Carvalho, Antonio Carlos R. Vallinoto
Summary: This article conducts an extensive literature review on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in terms of biology, sociology, genetics, diagnostics, therapeutics, immunology, and socioeconomics. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the major aspects related to the ongoing pandemic.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Parasitology
Erian de Almeida Santos, Ana Cecilia Feio dos Santos, Fabio Silva da Silva, Alice Louize Nunes Queiroz, Luciana Leticia da Costa Pires, Samir Mansour Moraes Casseb, Gustavo Moraes Holanda, Izis Monica Carvalho Sucupira, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro Cruz, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Marinete Marins Povoa
Summary: This study fills the knowledge gap regarding the presence of cecropin A (CecA) and defensin genes in Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes from the Brazilian Amazon and provides a successful molecular phylogeny analysis using these genes.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Nathalia N. Chamma-Siqueira, Suiane C. Negreiros, Sarah-Blythe Ballard, Samela Farias, Sandro P. Silva, Stella M. Chenet, Eduardo J. M. Santos, Luann W. Pereira de Sena, Flavia Povoa da Costa, Amanda G. N. Cardoso-Mello, Paola B. Marchesini, Cassio R. L. Peterka, Giselle M. R. Viana, Alexandre Macedo de Oliveira
Summary: This study evaluated different primaquine regimens to prevent relapse of P. vivax malaria. The results showed that a total dose of 7.0 mg per kilogram of body weight had higher efficacy in preventing relapse through day 168 compared to a total dose of 3.5 mg per kilogram.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira, Eliane dos Santos Franca, Iran Barros Costa, Erika Vanessa Oliveira Jorge, Patricia Jeanne de Souza Mendonca Mattos, Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire, Francisco Luzio de Paula Ramos, Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro, Olinda Macedo, Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Felipe Bonfim Freitas, Igor Brasil Costa, Antonio Carlos Rosario Vallinoto
Summary: Immune reconstitution failure after HIV treatment may be associated with a single polymorphism of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), particularly in the B locus, in patients from the Brazilian Amazon.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Wandrey Roberto dos Santos Brito, Greice de Lemos Cardoso-Costa, Lourival Marques Roland Junior, Keise Adrielle Santos Pereira, Felipe Teixeira Lopes, Bernardo Cintra dos Santos, Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima, Isabella Nogueira Abreu, Carlos Neandro Cordeiro Lima, Sandra Souza Lima, Izaura M. Vieira Cayres Vallinoto, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Joao Farias Guerreiro, Antonio Carlos Rosario Vallinoto
Summary: This study identified HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in quilombo remnant communities in the state of Para, Brazil, with blood transfusion being the only associated risk factor. Continued evaluation of these communities is essential for characterizing infection distribution and developing public health policies for virus control and prevention of associated diseases.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Pablo Fabiano Moura das Neves, Sandra Souza Lima, Jeferson da Costa Lopes, Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto, Carlos David Araujo Bichara, Erika Ferreira dos Santos, Mioni Thieli Figueiredo Magalhaes de Brito, Andrea Luciana Soares da Silva, Mauro de Meira Leite, Flavia Povoa da Costa, Maria de Nazare do Socorro de Almeida Viana, Fabiola Brasil Barbosa Rodrigues, Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges, Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede, Rosilene da Silva, Clea Nazare Carneiro Bichara, Ana Virginia Soares van den Berg, Adriana de Oliveira Lameira Verissimo, Mayara da Silva Carvalho, Daniele Freitas Henriques, Carla Pinheiro dos Santos, Juliana Abreu Lima Nunes, Iran Barros Costa, Giselle Maria Rachid Viana, Francisca Regina Oliveira Carneiro, Vera Regina da Cunha Menezes Palacios, Juarez Antonio Simoes Quaresma, Igor Brasil-Costa, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Luiz Fabio Magno Falcao, Antonio Carlos Rosario Vallinoto
Summary: This study evaluated the impact of age, comorbidities, and cytokine synthesis on COVID-19 patients. The results showed that advanced age, comorbidities, and elevated serum IL-6 levels are associated with severe COVID-19. Furthermore, long COVID-19 has a specific cytokine profile.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Parasitology
Yetsenia del Valle Sanchez Uzcategui, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Edilson Rodrigues Matos, Fernando Tobias Silveira, Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos, Marinete Marins Povoa
Summary: The present study evaluated and compared the efficacy of using industrially processed membranes from pig small intestine and euthanized chick skin for blood-feeding in phlebotomines. The results showed that the test membrane had a higher feeding rate than the control membrane for L. longipalpis, but not for other field-caught species. There was no correlation between membrane thickness and feeding rate, but a moderate positive correlation was observed between the number of feeding phlebotomines and the total number of phlebotomines in the cage.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2022)
Article
Virology
Fabiola Brasil Barbosa Rodrigues, Rosilene da Silva, Erika Ferreira dos Santos, Mioni Thieli Figueiredo Magalhaes de Brito, Andrea Luciana Soares da Silva, Mauro de Meira Leite, Flavia Povoa da Costa, Maria de Nazare do Socorro de Almeida Viana, Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges, Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede, Adriana de Oliveira Lameira Verissimo, Mayara da Silva Carvalho, Daniele Freitas Henriques, Carla Pinheiro da Silva, Igor Brasil Costa, Juliana Abreu Lima Nunes, Iran Barros Costa, Giselle Maria Rachid Viana, Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Sandra Souza Lima, Jeferson da Costa Lopes, Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto, Carlos David Araujo Bichara, Antonio Carlos Rosario Vallinoto, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos
Summary: IL6 gene polymorphisms, especially the IL6 C allele, are associated with the severity of COVID-19.
Article
Virology
Rosilene da Silva, Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges, Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede, Flavia Povoa da Costa, Erika Ferreira dos Santos, Fabiola Brasil Barbosa Rodrigues, Maria de Nazaredo Socorro de Almeida Viana, Mauro de Meira Leite, Andrea Luciana Soares da Silva, Mioni Thieli Magalhaes de Brito, Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres, Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto, Daniele Freitas Henriques, Carla Pinheiro dos Santos, Giselle Maria Rachid Viana, Juarez Antonio Simoes Quaresma, Luiz Fabio Magno Falcao, Antonio Carlos Rosario Vallinoto, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the role of ten functional polymorphisms in long COVID and found that these polymorphisms were associated with genetic susceptibility to long COVID among LC patients.
Article
Virology
Sinei Ramos Soares, Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres, Sandra Souza Lima, Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges, Erika Ferreira dos Santos, Mioni Thieli Figueiredo Magalhaes de Brito, Andrea Luciana Soares da Silva, Mauro de Meira Leite, Flavia Povoa da Costa, Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede, Rosilene da Silva, Adriana de Oliveira Lameira Verissimo, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto, Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa, Juarez Antonio Simoes Quaresma, Tania do Socorro Souza Chaves, Giselle Maria Rachid Viana, Luiz Fabio Magno Falcao, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Antonio Carlos Rosario Vallinoto, Andrea Nazare Monteiro Rangel da Silva
Summary: This study aimed to analyze the specificity of IgG antibody responses to different proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in different COVID-19 clinical profiles. The results showed that the majority of participants exhibited IgG responses to the S1 and N proteins, while only a small percentage displayed S2 subunit responses. Patients with severe disease had significantly higher antibody responses to N and S1, and individuals with long COVID-19 showed a greater IgG response profile.
Article
Immunology
Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Angelica Menezes Santiago, Wandrey Roberto dos Santos Brito, Keise Adrielle Santos Pereira, William Botelho de Brito, Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres, Jeferson da Costa Lopes, Erika Ferreira dos Santos, Flavia Povoa da Costa, Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges, Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede, Mioni Thieli Figueiredo Magalhaes de Brito, Andrea Luciana Soares da Silva, Mauro de Meira Leite, Maria de Nazare do Socorro de Almeida Viana, Fabiola Brasil Barbosa Rodrigues, Rosilene da Silva, Giselle Maria Rachid Viana, Tania do Socorro Souza Chaves, Adriana de Oliveira Lameira Verissimo, Mayara da Silva Carvalho, Daniele Freitas Henriques, Carla Pinheiro dos Santos, Juliana Abreu Lima Nunes, Iran Barros Costa, Ednelza da Silva Graca Amoras, Sandra Souza Lima, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto, Igor Brasil-Costa, Juarez Antonio Simoes Quaresma, Luiz Fabio Magno Falcao, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Antonio Carlos Rosario Vallinoto
Summary: This study investigated the association of MBL2 gene polymorphisms with the plasma levels of MBL and inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19. The frequencies of the polymorphic MBL2 genotype (OO) and allele (O) were higher in patients with severe COVID-19. The polymorphic genotypes (AO and OO) were associated with lower MBL levels and higher IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in severe COVID-19 patients.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biology
Pablo Fabiano Moura das Neves, Juarez Antonio Simoes Quaresma, Maria Alice FreitasQueiroz, Camilla Costa Silva, Enzo Varela Maia, Joao Sergio de Sousa Oliveira, Carla Manuela Almeida das Neves, Suellen da Silva Mendonca, Aline Semblano Carreira Falcao, Giovana Salomao Melo, Isabella Boechat Faria Santos, Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa, Eduardo Jose Melo dos Santos, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos, Antonio Carlos Rosario Vallinoto, Luiz Fabio Magno Falcao
Summary: This study assessed short-term heart rate variability, peripheral body temperature, and serum cytokine levels in patients with long COVID. The results showed significant differences in HRV variables between the control group and patients with long COVID symptoms lasting ≤120 days, and patients in the shorter duration group had higher temperatures. Cytokine analysis revealed elevated levels of IL-17 and IL-2, and decreased levels of IL-4. These findings suggest autonomic dysfunction and elevated body temperature in long COVID patients, possibly due to endothelial damage caused by persistent high levels of inflammatory mediators. Additionally, high levels of IL-17 and IL-2 and low levels of IL-4 may serve as markers for long-term COVID-19 cytokine profiles and potential targets for long COVID treatment and prevention strategies.
