Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 28, Issue 16, Pages 20128-20139Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12242-5
Keywords
CO2 emissions; Energy consumption; Economic growth; Tourist arrivals; Granger causality; Quantile regression
Categories
Funding
- scientific research funds of Guiyang University [GYU-KY-[2021]]
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This paper examines the nonlinear effects of US energy consumption, economic growth, and tourist arrivals on carbon dioxide emissions, finding that tourist arrivals decrease CO2 emissions in the long term while economic growth has both positive and negative effects on carbon emissions at different quantiles. Additionally, short-term dynamics show an asymmetric effect of tourist arrivals and economic growth on CO2 emissions in the US economy.
The present paper implements the quantile autoregressive lagged (QARDL) approach of Cho et al. (2015) and the Granger causality in quantiles tests of Troster et al. (2018) to explore the nonlinear effects of US energy consumption, economic growth, and tourist arrivals on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Our results unveil the existence of substantial reversion to the long-run equilibrium connectedness between the variables of interest and CO2 emissions. The outcomes show that tourist arrivals decrease CO2 emissions in the long term for each quantile. In addition, we found that the output growth positively influences the carbon emissions at lower quantiles but negatively influences the carbon emissions at upper quantiles. Moreover, our findings of short-term dynamics validate an asymmetric short-run effect of tourist arrivals and economic growth on CO2 emissions in the US economy. Further results and their corresponding policy implications are discussed.
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