Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome and Bone Health - An Evaluation of Epidemiological Studies and Mechanisms Involved

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and osteoporosis are two medical problems plaguing the ageing populations worldwide. Though seemingly distinctive to each other, metabolic derangements are shown to influence bone health. This review summarises the relationship between MetS and bone health derived from epidemiological studies and explains the mechanistic basis of this relationship. The discourse focuses on the link between MetS and bone mineral density, quantitative sonometric indices, geometry and fracture risk in humans. The interesting sex-specific trend in the relationship, probably due to factors related to body composition and hormonal status, is discussed. Mechanistically, each component of MetS affects the bone distinctly, forming a complex interacting network influencing the skeleton. Lastly, the effects of MetS management, such as pharmacotherapies, exercise and bariatric surgery, on bone, are presented. This review aims to highlight the significant relationship between MetS and bone, and proper management of MetS with the skeletal system in mind could prevent cardiovascular and bone complications.