Detection of Buried Explosives Using a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrate Tailored for Miniaturized Spectrometers

The advent of miniaturized, fiber-based, Raman spectrometers provides a clear path for the wide implementation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in analytical chemistry. For instance, miniaturized systems are especially useful in field applications due to their simplicity and low cost. However, traditional SERS substrates are generally developed and optimized using expensive Raman microscope systems equipped with high numerical aperture (NA) objective lenses. Here, we introduced a new type of SERS substrate with intrinsic Raman photon directing capability that compensates the relatively low signal collection power of fiber-based Raman spectrometers. The substrate was tested for the detection of buried 2,4-dinitrotoluene in simulated field conditions. A linear calibration curve (R-2 = 0.98) for 2,4-dinitrotoluene spanning 3 orders of magnitude (from mu g kg(-1) to mg kg(-1)) was obtained with a limit of detection of 10 mu g kg(-1) within a total volume of 10 mu L. This detection level is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that possible with the current state-of-the-art technologies, such as ion mobility spectrometrymass spectrometry. The approach reported here demonstrated a high-performance detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in field conditions by a SERS platform optimized for miniaturized Raman systems that can be deployed for a routine inspection of landmine-contaminated sites and homeland security applications.