Letter
Oncology
Liang V. Tang, Yu Hu
Summary: This is the first reported case of a healthy individual developing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. The patient's symptoms gradually improved after treatment. The study suggests that excluding the presence of active EBV infection or other common viruses before COVID-19 vaccination is crucial.
JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Ting-Yu Lin, Yun-Hsuan Yeh, Li-Wen Chen, Chao-Neng Cheng, Chen Chang, Jun-Neng Roan, Ching-Fen Shen
Summary: This article reports a rare but potentially fatal case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a 14-year-old adolescent after receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. The case suggests that immune activation after COVID-19 vaccination may interfere with the adequate immune response to certain infectious pathogens, resulting in a hyperinflammatory syndrome.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Raymond Chu, Charmaine van Eeden, Sneha Suresh, Wendy I. Sligl, Mohammed Osman, Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has raised concerns about a cytokine storm similar to HLH, questioning the effectiveness of current diagnostic criteria. More research is needed to confirm the existence of COVID-19 associated HLH and develop better methods for identification.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Yifan He, Yun Hui, Haibo Liu, Yifan Wu, Hong Sang, Fang Liu
Summary: This article presents a patient who developed HLH after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine, emphasizing the need for caution in individuals with preexisting immune dysregulation or diseases not classified when receiving the vaccine. A review of genetic defects and cutaneous manifestations of HLH was also conducted.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yoshitaka Shimada, Yasushi Nagaba, Hiroyuki Okawa, Kaori Ehara, Shinya Okada, Hiroaki Yokomori
Summary: This article describes a rare case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in a patient with nephritic sclerosis associated with hypertension following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing HLH as a rare complication of COVID-19 vaccination, especially in patients with a history of chronic renal failure and hypertension.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sebastian Schnaubelt, Daniel Tihanyi, Robert Strassl, Ralf Schmidt, Sonja Anders, Anton N. Laggner, Hermine Agis, Hans Domanovits
Summary: The study reviewed three patients with COVID-19 who exhibited hyperinflammation and cytokine storm, requiring intensive care treatment. Diagnosis of secondary sHLH was made using HScore. A treatment regimen of methylprednisolone, pentaglobin, and anakinra was developed and administered. One patient survived while two others, diagnosed late, deceased.
Review
Immunology
Aurora Chinnici, Linda Beneforti, Francesco Pegoraro, Irene Trambusti, Annalisa Tondo, Claudio Favre, Maria Luisa Coniglio, Elena Sieni
Summary: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical condition characterized by sustained but ineffective immune system activation, leading to severe and systemic hyperinflammation. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for survival, as a considerable proportion of patients with HLH still die from progressive disease. Expert consultation and genetic analysis are recommended for accurate interpretation and therapeutic decisions.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Johnson M. Liu, Jeffrey Chi
Summary: Cytokine storm is an inflammatory syndrome characterized by elevated levels of circulating cytokines and hyperactivation of immune cells. COVID-19-associated cytokine storm may differ from non-COVID-19 secondary HLH, and studying the immunobiological differences can provide insight for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Rheumatology
Mehmet Soy, Pamir Atagunduz, Isik Atagunduz, Gulsan Turkoz Sucak
Summary: Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an acute systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by excessive cytokine production and hyperferritinemia. It can be primary, caused by genetic mutations, or secondary, triggered by underlying disorders like malignancies or infections. In COVID-19 patients, secondary HLH and cytokine storm may lead to severe symptoms such as progressive fever, cytopenia, ARDS, and organ failure. Early differentiation and classification are crucial for appropriate treatment strategies.
RHEUMATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Linn asholt Rolsdorph, Knut Anders Mosevoll, Lars Helgeland, Hakon Reikvam
Summary: This study reports a case of CMV-induced HLH and reviews other described cases of this rare disease entity. The findings emphasize the importance of early diagnostic work up and treatment intervention, as well as the need for targeted diagnostic and treatment approaches for this patient group.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Han-Qi Zhang, Bu-Zi Cao, Qing-Tai Cao, Marady Hun, Lin Cao, Ming-Yi Zhao
Summary: This systematic review examines cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) reported after COVID-19 vaccination to understand the relationship between the two and proposes effective therapeutic strategies. It also assesses the potential of ruxolitinib as a cytokine inhibitor for targeted HLH therapy. The findings highlight the importance of considering adverse effects of vaccination and the potential use of ruxolitinib for treating HLH after COVID-19 vaccination.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Guarina Molina, Rafael Contreras, Kyle Coombes, Thilini Walgamage, Maria A. Perozo, Martha T. DesBiens
Summary: A case of HLH secondary to dysregulated inflammatory response following COVID-19 is presented, highlighting the challenges in diagnosis and management.
CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Medical Laboratory Technology
Tanya Sajan Ponnatt, Cullen M. Lilley, Kamran M. Mirza
Summary: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and life-threatening disorder of immune regulation that requires rapid diagnosis and aggressive management. Understanding the pathogenesis and early diagnosis of HLH plays a crucial role in determining patient outcome. HLH can be caused by genetic mutations or acquired factors, and proper management is essential for improving prognosis.
ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Shahkar Khan, Taqi A. Rizvi, Waleed Sadiq, Saud Bin Abdul Sattar, Rabih Maroun
Summary: We reported a case of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) believed to be triggered by severe COVID-19. The patient, a 50-year-old man with a history of ulcerative colitis, presented with fevers, weakness, watery diarrhea, and decreased oral intake. Imaging showed lung abnormalities and the COVID-19 test was positive. Despite treatment with steroids and etoposide, the patient's condition worsened and he eventually died on the eighth day of hospitalization.
CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Cumali Efe, Koray Tascilar, Alessio Gerussi, Francesca Bolis, Craig Lammert, Berat Ebik, Albert Friedrich Stattermayer, Mustafa Cengiz, Dilara Turan Gokce, Laura Cristoferi, Mirta Peralta, Hatef Massoumi, Pedro Montes, Eira Cerda, Cristina Rigamonti, Suna Yapali, Gupse Adali, Ali Riza Caliskan, Yasemin Balaban, Fatih Eren, Tugce Eskazan, Sezgin Barutcu, Ellina Lytvyak, Godolfino Miranda Zazueta, Meral Akdogan Kayhan, Alexandra Heurgue-Berlot, Eleonora De Martin, Ahmet Yavuz, Murat Biyik, Graciela Castro Narro, Serkan Duman, Nelia Hernandez, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Jonathan Aguirre, Ramazan Idilman, Marcelo Silva, Manuel Mendizabal, Kadri Atay, Fatih Guzelbulut, Renumathy Dhanasekaran, Aldo J. Montano-Loza, George N. Dalekos, Ezequiel Ridruejo, Pietro Invernizzi, Staffan Wahlin
Summary: This study evaluated the outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) who received COVID-19 vaccines. The results showed that vaccinated patients had lower rates of hospitalization, need for oxygen supplementation, and mortality compared to unvaccinated patients. Receiving at least one dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was associated with a significantly lower risk of worse COVID-19 severity and mortality.
JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Barnaby C. Reeves, Katie Pike, Chris A. Rogers, Rachel C. M. Brierley, Elizabeth A. Stokes, Sarah Wordsworth, Rachel L. Nash, Alice Miles, Andrew D. Mumford, Alan Cohen, Gianni D. Angelini, Gavin J. Murphy
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
(2016)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Mark S. Slaughter, Francis D. Pagani, Edwin C. McGee, Emma J. Birks, William G. Cotts, Igor Gregoric, O. Howard Frazier, Timothy Icenogle, Samer S. Najjar, Steven W. Boyce, Michael A. Acker, Ranjit John, David R. Hathaway, Kevin B. Najarian, Keith D. Aaronson
JOURNAL OF HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
(2013)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Mark S. Slaughter, Joseph G. Rogers, Carmelo A. Milano, Stuart D. Russell, John V. Conte, David Feldman, Benjamin Sun, Antone J. Tatooles, Reynolds M. Delgado, James W. Long, Thomas C. Wozniak, Waqas Ghumman, David J. Farrar, O. Howard Frazier
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2009)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Joseph W. Rossano, Ronald K. Woods, Stuart Berger, J. William Gaynor, Nancy Ghanayem, David L. S. Morales, Chitra Ravishankar, Michael E. Mitchell, Tejas K. Shah, Claudius Mahr, James S. Tweddell, Iki Adachi, Steven Zangwill, Peter D. Wearden, Timothy B. Icenogle, Robert D. Jaquiss, Jack Rychik
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
(2013)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
N. Nair, A. A. Schmitt, E. M. Rau, S. Anders, D. Sandler, T. B. Icenogle
IJC HEART & VASCULATURE
(2016)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Charles F. Evans, Christopher R. DeFilippi, Eric Shang, Bartley P. Griffith, James S. Gammie
JOURNAL OF HEART VALVE DISEASE
(2013)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Mark S. Slaughter, Steven S. Tsui, Aly El-Banayosy, Benjamin C. Sun, Robert L. Kormos, Dale K. Mueller, H. Todd Massey, Timothy B. Icenogle, David J. Farrar, J. Donald Hill
JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY
(2007)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
RD Dowling, SJ Park, FD Pagani, AJ Tector, Y Naka, TB Icenogle, VL Poirier, OH Frazier
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CARDIO-THORACIC SURGERY
(2004)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
T Icenogle, D Sandler, M Puhlman, S Himley, DJ Sato, S Schaefer
JOURNAL OF HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
(2003)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
B Peterzén, U Lönn, K Jansson, H Rutberg, H Casimir-Ahn, E Nylander
JOURNAL OF HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
(2002)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
DJ Farrar, WR Holman, LR McBride, RL Kormos, TB Icenogle, PJ Hendry, CH Moore, DY Loisance, A El-Banayosy, H Frazier
JOURNAL OF HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
(2002)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
PM Jakobs, EL Hanson, KA Crispell, W Toy, H Keegan, K Schilling, TB Icenogle, M Litt, RE Hershberger
JOURNAL OF CARDIAC FAILURE
(2001)