Berberine in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

Berberine is an alkaloid found in plants. It has neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activities. The research proves that it also strongly impacts carbohydrate metabolism. The compound also protects pancreatic beta-cells and increases sensitivity to insulin in peripheral tissues via the induction of GLUT-1, GLUT-4 and insulin type 1 (Ins-1) receptors activity. It also stimulates glycolysis and leads to a decrease in insulin resistance by macrophages polarization, lipolytic processes induction and energy expenditure enhancement (by reducing body mass and limiting insulin resistance caused by obesity). In liver berberine inhibits FOX01, SREBP1 and ChREBP pathways, and HNF-4 alpha (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha) mRNA that hinder gluconeogenesis processes. In the intestines it blocks alpha-glucosidase contributing to glucose absorption decrease. Its interference in intestinal flora reduces levels of monosaccharides and suppresses diabetes mellitus complications development.

Automated summary

Berberine, an alkaloid found in plants, exhibits neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and significant activity impacting carbohydrate metabolism. Its effects on insulin, glycolysis, and lipolysis play crucial roles in various metabolic processes.