Evolution of Cu(In,Ga)Se2surfaces under water immersion monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Cu(In,Ga)Se(2)absorbers were immerged in deionized water for different times, and specific chemical evolutions were monitored thanks to X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Cu(In,Ga)Se(2)related dissolution products were studied in water through induced coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. From those analyses, specific surface network disorganization was observed, with Cu migration towards the surface, leading to different kinetics of oxidation and dissolution for each element that could be quantified.