Journal
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
Volume 116, Issue -, Pages 480-493Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.013
Keywords
Grimace; Pain; Facial expression; Veterinary; Preclinical
Categories
Funding
- Canadian Institutes for Health Research [FRN154281]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [77922, 42402]
- Fondation Levesque
- Louise and Alan Edwards Foundation
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The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement via facial expression in verbal and especially non-verbal human populations, grimace scales were first developed a decade ago for use in rodents and now exist for 10 different mammalian species. This review details the background context, historical development, features (including duration), psychometric properties, modulatory factors, and impact of animal grimace scales for pain.
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