Journal
NANO LETTERS
Volume 20, Issue 10, Pages 7530-7535Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03002
Keywords
Perovskites; strontium titanate; oxygen vacancy migration; atomic force microscopy; time-resolved atomic force microscopy; charge carrier dynamics
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Funding
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Le Fonds de Recherche du Quebec -Nature et Technologies
- Ecole de Technologie Superieure, University of Quebec
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Perovskites are widely utilized either as a primary component or as a substrate in which the dynamics of charged oxygen vacancy defects play an important role. Current knowledge regarding the dynamics of vacancy mobility in perovskites is solely based upon volume- and/or time-averaged measurements. This impedes our understanding of the basic physical principles governing defect migration in inorganic materials. Here, we measure the ergodic and nonergodic dynamics of vacancy migration at the relevant spatial and temporal scales using time-resolved atomic force microscopy techniques. Our findings demonstrate that the time constant associated with oxygen vacancy migration is a local property and can change drastically on short length and time scales, such that nonergodic states lead to a dramatic increase in the migration barrier. This correlated spatial and temporal variation in oxygen vacancy dynamics can extend hundreds of nanometers across the surface in inorganic perovskites.
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