4.6 Article

Predictors of specialist avifaunal decline in coastal marshes

Journal

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 172-182

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12797

Keywords

conservation; multiple stressors; population trends; resilience; Saltmarsh Sparrow; tidal marsh

Funding

  1. Competitive State Wildlife Grant via Federal Aid in Sportfish and Wildlife Restoration to the State of Delaware [U2-5-R-1]
  2. Competitive State Wildlife Grant via Federal Aid in Sportfish and Wildlife Restoration to the State of Maryland [U2-5-R-1]
  3. Competitive State Wildlife Grant via Federal Aid in Sportfish and Wildlife Restoration to the State of Connecticut [U2-5-R-1]
  4. Competitive State Wildlife Grant via Federal Aid in Sportfish and Wildlife Restoration to the State of Maine [U2-5-R-1]
  5. National Science Foundation Integrated Graduate Education and Research Traineeship [DGE-1144423]
  6. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [P11AT00245, 50154-0-G004A]
  7. United States Department of Agriculture [ME0-H-6-00492-12]
  8. Maine Association of Wetland Scientists
  9. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife
  10. Rachel Carson NWR
  11. Parker River NWR
  12. Monomoy NWR
  13. Bombay Hook NWR
  14. Massachusetts Audubon
  15. New Hampshire Audubon
  16. Audubon New York
  17. New Jersey Audubon
  18. New Jersey Meadowlands Commission
  19. Smithsonian Institution
  20. SHARP

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Coastal marshes are one of the world's most productive ecosystems. Consequently, they have been heavily used by humans for centuries, resulting in ecosystem loss. Direct human modifications such as road crossings and ditches and climatic stressors such as sea-level rise and extreme storm events have the potential to further degrade the quantity and quality of marsh along coastlines. We used an 18-year marsh-bird database to generate population trends for 5 avian species (Rallus crepitans, Tringa semipalmata semipalmata, Ammodramus nelsonii subvirgatus, Ammodramus caudacutus, and Ammodramus maritimus) that breed almost exclusively in tidal marshes, and are potentially vulnerable to marsh degradation and loss as a result of anthropogenic change. We generated community and species trends across 3 spatial scales and explored possible drivers of the changes we observed, including marsh ditching, tidal restriction through road crossings, local rates of sea-level rise, and potential for extreme flooding events. The specialist community showed negative trends in tidally restricted marshes (-2.4% annually from 1998 to 2012) but was stable in unrestricted marshes across the same period. At the species level, we found negative population trends in 3 of the 5 specialist species, ranging from -4.2% to 9.0% annually. We suggest that tidal restriction may accelerate degradation of tidal marsh resilience to sea-level rise by limiting sediment supply necessary for marsh accretion, resulting in specialist habitat loss in tidally restricted marshes. Based on our findings, we predict a collapse of the global population of Saltmarsh Sparrows (A. caudacutus) within the next 50 years and suggest that immediate conservation action is needed to prevent extinction of this species. We also suggest mitigation actions to restore sediment supply to coastal marshes to help sustain this ecosystem into the future. Predictores de la Declinacion de Avifauna Especialista en Humedales Costeros Los humedales costeros son uno de los ecosistemas mas productivos en el mundo. Consecuentemente, han sido utilizados intensivamente por los humanos durante siglos, resultando en la perdida del ecosistema. Modificaciones humanas directas como caminos y zanjas, asi como agentes climaticos estresantes como el incremento del nivel del mar y eventos de tormentas extremas tienen el potencial de degradar aun mas la cantidad y calidad de humedales a lo largo de las costas. Utilizamos una base de datos de 18 anos de aves de humedal para generar tendencias poblaciones de especies de aves (Rallus crepitans, Tringa semipalmata semipalmata, Ammodramus nelsonii subvirgatus, A. caudacutus, y A. maritimus) que se reproducen casi exclusivamente en marismas y que son potencialmente vulnerables a la degradacion y perdida de humedales como resultado de cambios antropogenicos. Generamos tendencias de la comunidad y de especies en 3 escalas espaciales y exploramos los posibles factores de los cambios observados, incluyendo la construccion de canales, la restriccion de mareas por medio de caminos, tasas locales de incremento del nivel del mar y el potencial de eventos de inundacion extremos. La comunidad de especialistas mostro tendencias negativas en humedales restringidos por las mareas (-2.4% anualmente de 1998 a 2012), pero fue estable en humedales no restringidos. A nivel de especies, encontramos tendencias poblacionales negativas en 3 de las 5 especies especialistas que variaron entre -4.2% a 9% anualmente. Sugerimos que la restriccion de mareas puede acelerar la degradacion de la resiliencia de marismas al incremento del nivel del mar al limitar el aporte de los sedimentos necesarios para la acrecion de marismas, lo cual resulta en la perdida de habitat en marismas restringidas por las mareas. Con base en nuestros resultados, pronosticamos un colapso de la poblacion global de A. caudacutus en los proximos 50 anos y sugerimos que se requieren acciones de conservacion inmediatas para prevenir la extincion de esta especie. Tambien sugerimos acciones de mitigacion para restaurar el aporte de sedimentos en los humedales costeros para ayudar a sostener este ecosistema en el futuro. Resumen

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