Journal
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Volume 201, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110729
Keywords
Drying; Carbosulfan; Degradation pathway; Theoretical calculation
Categories
Funding
- National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFC1602300]
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK20171139]
- Key R&D Program of Jiangsu Province [BE2019362]
- Forestry Science and Technology Innovation and Extension Project of Jiangsu Province [LYKJ[2017] 26]
- National First-class Discipline Program of Food Science and Technology [JUFSTR20180509]
- Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision [KJ175923, KJ185646]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2018M642165]
- Science and Technology Plan of Suzhou City [SS2019016]
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The transformation of carbosulfan (CSN) in apples was investigated during oven-drying, microwave drying, and sun-drying. CSN transformed primarily into carbofuran (COA) during these drying processes. The conversion kinetics of CSN and COA was fitted by curve regression and mainly conformed to quadratic models (R-2 = 0.70-0.97). Oven-drying promoted the transformation of CSN into COA. Microwave drying resulted in the highest scavenging capacity against CSN and COA (41%-100%). Moreover, a transformation mechanism was proposed on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The COA originated from a series of chemical reactions involving hydroxyl substitution, cleavage, and oxidation; this result was further confirmed on the basis of molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and molecular orbital theory. Furthermore, the toxicity and stability of CSN and COA were evaluated with the T.E.S.T. program. COA was less toxic than CSN to aquatic organisms but more toxic than CSN to rats. Therefore, COA production should be avoided during drying. Microwave drying was found to be the optimum choice for drying apples.
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